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Chapter 3: Capture of CO2 137 Figure 3.17 Operating principle of a membrane reactor. table 3.3 Membrane materials, operating conditions and characteristics for H2 separation. microporous Ceramic microporous Ceramic microporous Carbon Zeolites metal Membrane material Alumina Silica Carbon Silica (Alumina) Pd/Ag Temperature range (°C) <500 <400 <400 <500 - 700 <600 Pressure range (bar) >100 >100 10 >100 >100 Pore size distribution (nm) 0.7-2 0.7-2 0.7-2 0.3-0.7 no pores Separation factors (H2/CO2) 15 15 15-25 50 100 Permeability (mol m-2s-1Pa-1) 10-6 10-6 10-7 10-6 10-7-10-6 Experim. temp. (°C) 200 200 300-400 300-400 300-400 Pre-clean-up requirements S S, HCl, HF (?) Chemical resistance problem H2O O2 S S, HCl, HF Geometry Top layer tube Top layer tube Top layer tube/fibre Top layer tube Top layer tube/plate Configuration Cascade/recycle/ once through Cascade/recycle/ once through Cascade/recycle/ once through Once through Once through Lifetime + - + + 0 Costs (US$ m-2) 4250 4250 3000? 4000-4250 4000-4250 Scalability 0 0 0 - 0 affected by the presence of steam in the feed streams. The dense ceramic membranes based on inorganic perovskite oxides (also called proton conducting) need high temperatures, higher than 800oC, to achieve practical hydrogen flux rates. Palladium- based dense membranes are also known for their high hydrogen selectivity and permeability over other gases in the temperature range 300°C-600oC that is appropriate for these two reactions. Palladium alloy tubes have been available for several decades, but for CCS applications they are too expensive due to the membrane thickness needed for structural stability and consequently low hydrogen flux rates. In order to be suitable for the target application, a hydrogen separation membrane must have adequate selectivity and flux rate and must be stable in the reducing coal gas or fuel-reforming environment containing steam and hydrogen sulphide. reactors based on palladium alloy membranes (Middleton et al., 2002, Damle and Dorchak, 2001). These evaluations showed that membrane reactors could achieve 90% CO2 recovery and that at this moment the projected cost is nearly identical to that for a conventional system. However, a cost-reduction can be achieved by either reducing the material cost of the membrane or by increasing the permeability. Similar evaluations of membrane reactors for the shift conversion and separation of CO2 from syngas produced from heavy feeds by gasification have been reported (Bracht et al., 1997; Middleton 2002; Lowe et al., 2003). For these gasifier systems the membrane reactors could reduce the costs for capturing CO2 and the cost reduction would be more significant if they could be made sulphur tolerant. A number of membrane reactor developments have been reported for hydrogen production with CO2 capture. Several groups have evaluated methane steam reforming membrane 3.5.3.3 Microchannel reformer Microreactor technology can be used to produce a SMR, or low temperature air-based POX system using a multichannel plate-PDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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