PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 153
Chapter 3: Capture of CO2 141 systems the generation efficiency with capture would equal the best efficiency realisable today without CO2 capture (i.e., 43% LHV; IEA GHG, 2003). Notably, all the innovations considered, with the exception of ion transport membrane technology for air separation (which is motivated by many market drivers other than IGCC needs) involve ‘non- breakthrough’ technologies, with modest continuing improvements in components that are already established commercially - improvements that might emerge as a natural result of growing commercial experience with IGCC technologies. chemical feedstocks in an increasingly carbon-constrained world. 3.6 Environmental, monitoring, risk and legal aspects of capture systems The previous sections of this chapter focused on each of the major technologies and systems for CO2 capture. Here we summarize the major environmental, regulatory and risk issues associated with the use of CO2 capture technology and the handling of carbon dioxide common to all of these systems. Issues related to the subsequent transport and storage of carbon dioxide are discussed in Chapters 4 to 7. 3.6.1 Emissions and resource use impacts of CO2 capture systems All fuel cell types are currently in the development phase. The first demonstration systems are now being tested, with the largest units being at the 1 MW scale. However, it will take at least another 5 to 10 years before these units become commercially available. In the longer term, these highly efficient fuel cell systems are expected to become competitive for power generation. Integrating CO2 capture in these systems is relatively simple and therefore fuel cell power generation systems offer the prospect of reducing the CO2 capture penalty in terms of efficiency and capture costs. For instance, for high temperature fuel cell systems without CO2 capture, efficiencies that exceed 67% are calculated with an anticipated 7% efficiency reduction when CO2 capture is integrated into the system (Jansen and Dijkstra, 2003). However, fuel cell systems are too small to reach a reasonable level of CO2 transport cost (IEA GHG, 2002a), but in groups of a total of capacity 100MWe, the cost of CO2 transport is reduced to a more acceptable level. 3.6.1.1 Overview of emissions from capture systems Most studies agree that pre-combustion systems may be better suited to implement CO2 capture at a lower incremental cost compared to the same type of base technology without capture (Section 3.7), but with a key driver affecting implementation being the absolute cost of the carbon emission-free product, or service provided. Pre-combustion systems also have a high strategic importance, because their capability to deliver, in a large scale and at high thermal efficiencies, a suitable mix of electricity, hydrogen and lower carbon-containing fuels or The captured CO2 stream may contain impurities which would have practical impacts on CO2 transport and storage systems and also potential health, safety and environmental impacts. The types and concentrations of impurities depend on the type of capture process, as shown in Table 3.4, and detailed plant design. The major impurities in CO2 are well known but there is little published information on the fate of any trace impurities in the feed gas such as heavy metals. If substances are captured along with the CO2 then their net emissions to the atmosphere will be reduced, but impurities in the CO2 may result in environmental impacts at the storage site. table 3.4 Concentrations of impurities in dried CO2, % by volume (Source data: IEA GHG, 2003; IEA GHG, 2004; IEA GHG, 2005). Plants with CO2 capture would produce a stream of concentrated CO2 for storage, plus in most cases a flue gas or vent gas emitted to the atmosphere and liquid wastes. In some cases solid wastes will also be produced. CO2 from most capture processes contains moisture, which has to be removed to avoid corrosion and hydrate formation during transportation. This can be done using conventional SO2 NO H2S H2 CO CH4 N2/Ar/O2 total COAL FIRED PLANTS Post-combustion capture <0.01 <0.01 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 Pre-combustion capture (IGCC) 0 0 0.01-0.6 0.8-2.0 0.03-0.4 0.01 0.03-0.6 2.1-2.7 Oxy-fuel 0.5 0.01 0 0 0 0 3.7 4.2 GAS FIRED PLANTS Post-combustion capture <0.01 <0.01 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 Pre-combustion capture 0 0 <0.01 1.0 0.04 2.0 1.3 4.4 Oxy-fuel <0.01 <0.01 0 0 0 0 4.1 4.1 a. The SO2 concentration for oxy-fuel and the maximum H2S concentration for pre-combustion capture are for cases where these impurities are deliberately left in the CO2, to reduce the costs of capture (see Section 3.6.1.1). The concentrations shown in the table are based on use of coal with a sulphur content of 0.86%. The concentrations would be directly proportional to the fuel sulphur content. b. The oxy-fuel case includes cryogenic purification of the CO2 to separate some of the N2, Ar, O2 and NOx. Removal of this unit would increase impurity concentrations but reduce costs. c. For all technologies, the impurity concentrations shown in the table could be reduced at higher capture costs.PDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
PDF Search Title:
CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGEOriginal File Name Searched:
srccs_wholereport.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)