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Chapter 3: Capture of CO2 157 table 3.10. Continued. Stobbs & Clark Study Assumptions and Results 2005 PLANtS WitH OtHER FEEDStOCKS Gasifier name or type Fuel type (bit, subbit, lig; other) and %S bit Stobbs & Clark 2005 Sub-bit Stobbs & Clark 2005 Lignite Natural gas iEA GHG 2000b Reference Plant without capture) Texaco quench, O2 blown Shell, O2 blown, O2 blown partial oxidation Reference plant size (MW) [No IGCC Reference Plants] 790 Plant capacity factor (%) 90 90 90 90 Net plant efficiency, LHV (%) 56.2 Fuel cost, LHV (US$ GJ-1) 1.90 0.48 0.88 2.00 Reference plant emission rate (tCO2 MWh-1) 0.370 Capture Plant Design CO2 capture technology Selexol Selexol Selexol Selexol Net plant size, with capture (MW) 445 437 361 820 Net plant efficiency, LHV (%) 32.8 27.0 28.3 48.3 CO2 capture system efficiency (%) 87 92 86 85 CO2 emission rate after capture (t MWh-1) 0.130 0.102 0.182 0.065 CO2 captured (Mt/yr) 3.049 4.040 3.183 2.356 CO2 product pressure (MPa) 13.9 13.9 13.9 11.0 CCS energy requirement (% more input MWh-1) 14 CO2 reduction per kWh (%) 82 Cost Results *** *** *** ** Cost year basis (constant dollars) 2003 2003 2003 2000 Fixed charge factor (%) 11.0 Reference plant TCR (US$ kW-1) 447 Capture plant TCR (US$ kW-1) 2205 2518 3247 978 Incremental TCR for capture (US$ kW-1) 531 Reference plant COE (uS$ mWh-1) 21.6 Capture plant COE (uS$ mWh-1) 68.4 62.1 83.9 34.4 incremental COE for capture (uS$ mWh-1) 12.8 % increase in capital cost (over ref. plant) 119 % increase in COE (over ref. plant) 59 Cost of CO2 captured (US$/tCO2) 35 Cost of CO2 avoided (US$/tCO2) 31 33 56 42 Capture cost confidence level (see Table 3.6) moderate moderate Notes: All costs in this table are for capture only and do not include the costs of CO2 transport and storage; see Chapter 8 for total CCS costs. * Reported HHV values converted to LHV assuming LHV/HHV = 0.96 for coal. ** Reported capital costs increased by 8% to include interest during construction. ***Reported capital costs increased by 15% to estimate interest during construction and other owners’ costs. net power output. While several gasifiers and coal types are represented, most studies focus on the oxygen-blown Texaco quench system,10 and all but one assume bituminous coals. CO2 capture efficiencies across these studies range from 85-92% using commercially available physical absorption systems. The energy requirements for capture increase the overall plant heat rate (energy input per kWh) by 16-25%, yielding net CO2 reductions per kWh of 81-88%. Other study variables that influence total plant cost and the cost of CO2 capture include the fuel cost, CO2 product pressure, plant capacity factor and fixed charge factor. Many of the recent studies also include the cost of a spare gasifier to ensure high system reliability. using the Shell gasifier report increases of roughly 30-65%. The total COE reported for IGCC systems ranges from 41- 61 US$ MWh-1 without capture and 54-79 US$ MWh-1 with capture. With capture, the lowest COE is found for gasifier systems with quench cooling designs that have lower thermal efficiencies than the more capital-intensive designs with heat recovery systems. Without capture, however, the latter system type has the lowest COE in Table 3.10. Across all studies, the cost of CO2 avoided ranges from 13-37 US$/tCO2 relative to an IGCC without capture, excluding transport and storage costs. Part of the reason for this lower incremental cost of CO2 capture relative to coal combustion plants is the lower average energy requirement for IGCC systems. Another key factor is the smaller gas volume treated in oxygen-blown gasifier systems, which substantially reduces equipment size and cost. Table 3.10 indicates that for studies based on the Texaco or E-Gas gasifiers, CO2 capture adds approximately 20-40% to both the capital cost (US$ kW-1) and the cost of electricity (US$ MWh-1) of the reference IGCC plants, while studies As with PC plants, Table 3.10 again emphasizes the importance of plant financing and utilization assumptions on the calculated cost of electricity, which in turn affects CO2- capture costs. The lowest COE values in this table are for plants with a low fixed charge rate and high capacity factor, while 10 In 2004, the Texaco gasifier was re-named as the GE gasifier following acquisition by GE Energy (General Electric). However, this report uses the name Texaco, as it is referred to in the original references cited.PDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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