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Chapter 3: Capture of CO2 Although many of the component and/or enabling technologies required for CO2 capture in post-combustion, pre-combustion and oxy-fuel combustion are well known, gaps in knowledge are in the practical and/or commercial demonstration of integrated systems. This demonstration is essential to prove the cost of CO2 capture and its use on a large scale, particularly in power generation applications, but also for cement, steel and other large industries. Operating experience is also needed to test system reliability, improved methods of system integration, methods to reduce the energy requirements for CO2 capture, improved process control strategies and the use of optimized functional materials for the implementation of capture processes with advanced, higher efficiency power cycles. As such developments are realized, environmental issues associated with the capture of CO2 and other deleterious pollutants in these systems should also be re-assessed from a perspective involving the whole capture-transport-storage operation. 171 much larger gas flows are handled. For pre-combustion capture many of the required systems have been developed and applied in industry already. References Abanades, J.C., E.J. Anthony, D. Alvarez, D.Y. Lu, and C. Salvador, 2004a: Capture of CO2 from Combustion Gases in a Fluidised Bed of CaO. AIChE J, 50, No. 7, 1614-1622. Abanades, J.C., E.S. Rubin and E.J. Anthony, 2004b: Sorbent cost and performance in CO2 capture systems. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 43, 3462-3466. Abbot, J., B. Crewdson, and K. Elhius, 2002: Efficient cost effective and environmentally friendly synthesis gas technology for gas to liquids production. IBC Gas to Liquids Conference, London. Aboudheir, A., P. Tontiwachwuthikul, A. Chakma, and R. Idem, 2003: Kinetics of the reactive absorption of carbon dioxide in high CO2- loaded, concentrated aqueuous monoethanolamine solutions. Chemical Engineering Science 58, 5195-5210. Alic, J.A., D.C. Mowery, and E.S. Rubin, 2003: U.S. Technology and Innovation Policies: Lessons for Climate Change. Pew Center on Global Climate Change, Arlington, VA, November. Allam, R.J., E.P. Foster, V.E. Stein, 2002: Improving Gasification Economics through ITM Oxygen Integration. Proceedings of the Fifth Institution of Chemical Engineers (UK) European Gasification Conference, Noordwijk, The Netherlands. Alstom Power inc., ABB Lummus Global Inc., Alstom Power Environmental Systems and American Electric Power, 2001: Engineering feasibility and economics of CO2 capture on an existing coal-fired power plant. Report no. PPL-01-CT-09 to Ohio Department of Development, Columbus, OH and US Department of Energy/NETL, Pittsburgh, PA. American institute of Chemical Engineers, 1995: Centre for Chemical Process Safety. Guidelines for Technical Planning for On-site Emergencies Wiley, New York. Anderson, R., H. Brandt, S. Doyle, K. Pronske, and F. Viteri, 2003: Power generation with 100% carbon capture and sequestration. Second Annual Conference on Carbon Sequestration, Alexandria, VA. Apple, M. 1997: Ammonia. Methanol. Hydrogen. Carbon Monoxide. Modern Production Technologies. A Review. Published by Nitrogen - The Journal of the World Nitrogen and Methanol Industries. CRU Publishing Ltd. Aresta, M.A. and A. Dibenedetto, 2003: New Amines for the reversible absorption of carbon dioxide from gas mixtures. Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies (GHGT-6), 1-4 Oct. 2002, Kyoto, Japan, J. Gale and Y. Kaya (eds.), Elsevier Science Ltd, Oxford, UK. 1599-1602. Armstrong, P.A., D.L. Bennett, E.P. Foster, and V.E. Stein, 2002: Ceramic membrane development for oxygen supply to gasification applications. Proceedings of the Gasification Technologies Conference, San Francisco, CA, USA. Arnold, D.S., D.A. Barrett and R.H. Isom, 1982: CO2 can be produced from flue gas. Oil & Gas Journal, November, 130-136. Aroonwilas, A., A. Chakma, P. Tontiwachwuthikul, and A. Veawab, 2003: Mathematical Modeling of Mass-Transfer and Hydrodynamics in CO2 Absorbers Packed with Structured Packings, Chemical Engineering Science, 58, 4037-4053. In an ongoing search to implement existing, new or improved methods of CO2 capture, most capture systems also rely on the application of a range of enabling technologies that influence the attractiveness of a given system. These enabling technologies have their own critical gaps of knowledge. For example, improved processes for the effective removal of sulphur, nitrogen, chlorine, mercury and other pollutants are needed for the effective performance of unit operations for CO2 separation in post- and pre-combustion capture systems, especially when coal is used as the primary fuel. Improved gasification reactors for coals and biomass, the availability of hydrogen-burning gas turbines and fuel cells for stationary power generation also need further development in the pre-combustion route. Combustors and boilers operating at higher temperatures, or a new class of CO2 turbines and compressors, are important requirements for oxy-fuel systems. With reference to the development of novel CO2 capture and/or other enabling technologies, a wide range of options are currently being investigated worldwide. However, many technical details of the specific processes proposed or under development for these emerging technologies are still not well understood. This makes the assessment of their performance and cost highly uncertain. This is where intense R&D is needed to develop and bring to pilot scale testing the most promising concepts for commercial application. Membranes for H2, CO2 or O2 separation, new sorbents, O2 or CO2 solid carriers and materials for advanced combustors, boilers and turbines all require extensive performance testing. Multi-pollutant emission controls in these novel systems and the impact of fuel impurities and temperature on the functional materials, should also be an area of future work.PDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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