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198 IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage Figure 5.1 Location of sites where activities relevant to CO2 storage are planned or under way. early warning that the storage site is not functioning as aFnitgiuciupra5te.1d and implementation of remediation methods to stop or control CO2 releases. Methods to accomplish these are being developed and tested. There are few, if any, national regulations specifically dealing with CO2 storage, but regulations dealing with oil and gas, groundwater and the underground injection of fluids can in many cases be readily adapted and/or adopted. However, there are no regulations relating specifically to long-term responsibility for storage. A number of international laws that predate any consideration of CO2 storage are relevant to offshore geological storage; consideration of whether these laws do or do not permit offshore geological storage is under way. There are gaps in our knowledge, such as regional storage- capacity estimates for many parts of the world. Similarly, better estimation of leakage rates, improved cost data, better intervention and remediation options, more pilot and demonstration projects and clarity on the issue of long-term stewardship all require consideration. Despite the fact that more work is needed to improve technologies and decrease uncertainty, there appear to be no insurmountable technical barriers to an increased uptake of geological storage as an effective mitigation option. Figure 5.2 Variation of CO density with depth, assuming hydrostatic 2 –1 pressure and a geothermal gradient of 25°C km from 15°C at the surface (based on the density data of Angus et al., 1973). Carbon dioxide density increases rapidly at approximately 800 m depth, when the CO2 reaches a supercritical state. Cubes represent the relative volume occupied by the CO2 and down to 800 m, this volume can be seen to dramatically decrease with depth. At depths below 1.5 km, the density and specific volume become nearly constant.PDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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