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Chapter 5: Underground geological storage 199 5.1 introduction 5.1.1 What is geological storage? gas mitigation option was first proposed in the 1970s, but little research was done until the early 1990s, when the idea gained credibility through the work of individuals and research groups (Marchetti, 1977; Baes et al., 1980; Kaarstad, 1992; Koide et al., 1992; van der Meer, 1992; Gunter et al., 1993; Holloway and Savage, 1993; Bachu et al., 1994; Korbol and Kaddour, 1994). The subsurface disposal of acid gas (a by-product of petroleum production with a CO2 content of up to 98%) in the Alberta Basin of Canada and in the United States provides additional useful experience. In 1996, the world’s first large-scale storage project was initiated by Statoil and its partners at the Sleipner Gas Field in the North Sea. Capture and geological storage of CO2 provide a way to avoid emitting CO2 into the atmosphere, by capturing CO2 from major stationary sources (Chapter 3), transporting it usually by pipeline (Chapter 4) and injecting it into suitable deep rock formations. This chapter explores the nature of geological storage and considers its potential as a mitigation option. The subsurface is the Earth’s largest carbon reservoir, where the vast majority of the world’s carbon is held in coals, oil, gas organic-rich shales and carbonate rocks. Geological storage of CO2 has been a natural process in the Earth’s upper crust for hundreds of millions of years. Carbon dioxide derived from biological activity, igneous activity and chemical reactions between rocks and fluids accumulates in the natural subsurface environment as carbonate minerals, in solution or in a gaseous or supercritical form, either as a gas mixture or as pure CO2. The engineered injection of CO2 into subsurface geological formations was first undertaken in Texas, USA, in the early 1970s, as part of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) projects and has been ongoing there and at many other locations ever since. By the late 1990s, a number of publicly and privately funded research programmes were under way in the United States, Canada, Japan, Europe and Australia. Throughout this time, though less publicly, a number of oil companies became increasingly interested in geological storage as a mitigation option, particularly for gas fields with a high natural CO2 content such as Natuna in Indonesia, In Salah in Algeria and Gorgon in Australia. More recently, coal mining companies and electricity-generation companies have started to investigate geological storage as a mitigation option of relevance to their industry. Geological storage of anthropogenic CO2 as a greenhouse In a little over a decade, geological storage of CO2 has Figure 5.3 Options for storing CO2 in deep underground geological formations (after Cook, 1999).PDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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