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214 IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage Figure 5.14 Distribution of sedimentary basins around the world (after Bradshaw and Dance, 2005; and USGS, 2001a). In general, sedimentary basins are likely to be the most prospective areas for storage sites. However, storage sites may also be found in some areas of fold belts and in some of the highs. Shield areas constitute regions with low prospectivity for storage. The Mercator projection used here is to provide comparison with Figures 5.1, 5.11 and 5.27. The apparent dimensions of the sedimentary basins, particularly in the northern hemisphere, should not be taken aFsigaunuirnd5i.c1a4tion of their likely storage capacity. where subduction is occurring or between active mountain ranges, are likely to be strongly folded and faulted and provide less certainty for storage. However, basins must be assessed on an individual basis. For example, the Los Angeles Basin and Sacramento Valley in California, where significant hydrocarbon accumulations have been found, have demonstrated good local storage capacity. Poor CO2 storage potential is likely to be exhibited by basins that (1) are thin (≤1000 m), (2) have poor reservoir and seal relationships, (3) are highly faulted and fractured, (4) are within fold belts, (5) have strongly discordant sequences, (6) have undergone significant diagenesis or (7) have overpressured reservoirs. may even decrease with a further increase in depth, depending on the temperature gradient (Ennis-King and Paterson, 2001; Bachu, 2003). ‘Cold’ sedimentary basins, characterized by low temperature gradients, are more favourable for CO2 storage (Bachu, 2003) because CO2 attains higher density at shallower depths (700–1000 m) than in ‘warm’ sedimentary basins, characterized by high temperature gradients where dense-fluid conditions are reached at greater depths (1000–1500 m). The depth of the storage formation (leading to increased drilling and compression costs for deeper formations) may also influence the selection of storage sites. The efficiency of CO2 storage in geological media, defined as the amount of CO2 stored per unit volume (Brennan and Burruss, 2003), increases with increasing CO2 density. Storage safety also increases with increasing density, because buoyancy, which drives upward migration, is stronger for a lighter fluid. Density increases significantly with depth while CO2 is in gaseous phase, increases only slightly or levels off after passing from the gaseous phase into the dense phase and Adequate porosity and thickness (for storage capacity) and permeability (for injectivity) are critical; porosity usually decreases with depth because of compaction and cementation, which reduces storage capacity and efficiency. The storage formation should be capped by extensive confining units (such as shale, salt or anhydrite beds) to ensure that CO2 does not escape into overlying, shallower rock units and ultimately to the surface. Extensively faulted and fractured sedimentary basins or parts thereof, particularly in seismically active areas, requirePDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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