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238 IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage electrical potential that is measured against a reference electrode. This technique is low cost, but is also of low resolution. It can, however, be a useful tool for measuring the plume movement. According to Hoversten and Gasperikova (2005), this technique will require more work to determine its resolution and overall effectiveness. At Weyburn (Box 5.3), a monitoring programme was added to a commercial EOR project to develop and evaluate methods for tracking CO2. Baseline data was collected prior to CO2 injection (beginning in late 2000). These data included fluid samples (water and oil) and seismic surveys. Two levels of seismic surveys were undertaken, with an extensive three- dimensional (3D), 3-component survey over the original injection area and a detailed 3D, 9-component survey over a limited portion of the injection area. In addition, vertical seismic profiling and cross-well seismic tomography (between two vertical or horizontal wells) was undertaken. Passive seismic (microseismic) monitoring has recently been installed at the Figure 5.24 The produced water chemistry before CO2 injection and the produced water chemistry after 12 months and 31 months of injection at Weyburn has been contoured from fluid samples taken at various production wells. The black dots show the location of the sample wells: (a) δ13CHCO3 in the produced water, showing the effect of supercritical CO2 dissolution and mineral reaction. (b) Calcium concentrations in the produced water, showing the result of mineral dissolution (after Perkins et al., 2005). 5.6.3.3 Monitoring case study: IEA-GHG Weyburn Monitoring and Storage Project site. Other monitoring includes surface gas surveys (Strutt et al., 2003) and potable water monitoring (the Weyburn field underlies an area with limited surface water availability, so groundwater provides the major potable water supply). Injected volumes (CO2 and water) were also monitored. Any leaks from surface facilities are carefully monitored. Additionally, several wells were converted to observation wells to allow access to the reservoir. Subsequently, one well was abandoned, but seismic monitors were cemented into place in the well for passive seismic monitoring to be undertaken. Since injection began, reservoir fluids have been regularly collected and analyzed. Analysis includes chemical and isotopic analyses of reservoir water samples, as well as maintaining an understanding of miscibility relationships between the oil and the injected CO2. Several seismic surveys have been conducted (one year and two years after injection of CO2 was initiated) with the processed data clearly showing the movement of CO2 in the reservoir. Annual surface analysis of soil gas is also continuing (Strutt et al., 2003), as is analysis of near-surface water. The analyses are being synthesized to gain a comprehensive knowledge of CO2 migration in the reservoir, to understandPDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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