PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 276
264 5.10 Knowledge gaps IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage Knowledge regarding CO2 geological storage is founded on basic knowledge in the earth sciences, on the experience of the oil and gas industry (extending over the last hundred years or more) and on a large number of commercial activities involving the injection and geological storage of CO2 conducted over the past 10–30 years. Nevertheless, CO2 storage is a new technology and many questions remain. Here, we summarize what we know now and what gaps remain. • Reliable probabilistic methods for predicting leakage rates from storage sites. 1. Current storage capacity estimates are imperfect: • There is need for more development and agreement on 5. Monitoring technology is available for determining the behaviour of CO2 at the surface or in the subsurface; however, there is scope for improvement in the following areas: assessment methodologies. • There are many gaps in capacity estimates at the global, • Quantification and resolution of location and forms of CO2 in the subsurface, by geophysical techniques. regional and local levels. • The knowledge base for geological storage is for the most • Detection and monitoring of subaquatic CO2 seepage. • Remote-sensing and cost-effective surface methods for part based on Australian, Japanese, North American and temporally variable leak detection and quantification, west European data. • There is a need to obtain much more information on especially for dispersed leaks. • Fracture detection and characterization of leakage storage capacity in other areas, particularly in areas likely to experience the greatest growth in energy use, such as China, Southeast Asia, India, Russia/Former Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, the Middle East and parts of South America and southern Africa. potential. • Development of appropriate long-term monitoring 2. Overall, storage science is understood, but there is need for greater knowledge of particular mechanisms, including: • The kinetics of geochemical trapping and the long-term 6. Mitigation and remediation options and technologies are available, but there is no track record of remediation for leaked CO2. While this could be seen as positive, some stakeholders suggest it might be valuable to have an engineered (and controlled) leakage event that could be used as a learning experience. impact of CO2 on reservoir fluids and rocks. • The fundamental processes of CO2 adsorption and CH4 7. The potential cost of geological storage is known reasonably well, but: desorption on coal during storage operations. • There are only a few experience-based cost data from non-EOR CO2 storage projects. 3. Available information indicates that geological storage operations can be conducted without presenting any greater risks for health and the local environment than similar operations in the oil and gas industry, when carried out at high-quality and well-characterized sites. However, confidence would be further enhanced by increased knowledge and assessment ability, particularly regarding: • There is little knowledge of regulatory compliance costs. • Risks of leakage from abandoned wells caused by material and cement degradation. 8. The regulatory and responsibility or liability framework for CO2 storage is yet to be established or unclear. The following issues need to be considered: • The role of pilot and demonstration projects in developing • The temporal variability and spatial distribution of leaks that might arise from inadequate storage sites. regulations. • Approaches for verification of CO2 storage for accounting • Microbial impacts in the deep subsurface. • Environmental impact of CO2 on the marine seafloor. • Methods to conduct end-to-end quantitative assessment purposes. • Approaches to regulatory oversight for selecting, of risks to human health and the local environment. operating and monitoring CO2 storage sites, both in the 4. There is strong evidence that storage of CO2 in geological storage sites will be long term; however, it would be beneficial to have: • Quantification of potential leakage rates from more short and long term. • Clarity on the need for and approaches to long-term storage sites. • Reliable coupled hydrogeological-geochemical-geo– Additional information on all of these topics would improve technologies and decrease uncertainties, but there appear to be no insurmountable technical barriers to an increased uptake of geological storage as a mitigation option. mechanical simulation models to predict long-term storage performance accurately. • Further knowledge of the history of natural accumulations of CO2. • Effective and demonstrated protocols for achieving desirable storage duration and local safety. approaches and strategies. • There is inadequate information on monitoring strategies and requirements, which affect costs. stewardship. • Requirements for decommissioning a storage project.PDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
PDF Search Title:
CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGEOriginal File Name Searched:
srccs_wholereport.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |