PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 294
282 IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage so much CO2 because of its large volume and because CO2 dissolves in sea water to form various ionic species (Box 6.1). Most carbon dioxide released to either the atmosphere or the ocean will eventually reside in the ocean, as ocean chemistry equilibrates with the atmosphere. Thus, stabilization of atmospheric CO2 concentration at levels above the natural level of 280 ppm implies long-term addition of carbon dioxide to the ocean. In equilibrium, the fraction of an increment of CO2 released that will reside in the ocean depends on the atmospheric CO2 concentration (Table 6.1; Figure 6.3; Kheshgi et al., 2005; Kheshgi, 2004a). The increase in atmospheric CO2 over the past few centuries has been driving CO2 from the atmosphere into the oceans. The oceans serve as an important sink of CO2 emitted to the atmosphere taking up on average about 7 GtCO2 yr-1 (2 GtC yr-1) over the 20 years from 1980 to 2000 with ocean uptake over the past 200 years estimated to be > 500 GtCO2 (135 GtC) (Prentice et al., 2001; Sabine et al., 2004). On average, the anthropogenic CO2 signal is detectable to about 1000 m depth; its near absence in the deep ocean is due to the slow exchange between ocean surface and deep –sea waters. The capacity of the oceans to absorb CO2 in equilibrium with the atmosphere is a function of the chemistry of sea water. The rate at which this capacity can be brought into play is a function of the rate of ocean mixing. Over time scales of decades to centuries, exchange of dissolved inorganic carbon between ocean surface waters and the deep ocean is the primary barrier limiting the rate of ocean uptake of increased atmospheric CO2. Over many centuries (Kheshgi, 2004a), changes in dissolved inorganic carbon will mix throughout the ocean volume with the oceans containing most of the cumulative CO2 emissions to the atmosphere/ocean system (Table 6.1; Figure 6.3). Over longer times (millennia), dissolution of CaCO3 causes an even greater fraction of released CO2 (85–92%) to reside in the ocean (Archer et al., 1997). Ocean uptake of anthropogenic CO2 has led to a perturbation of the chemical environment primarily in ocean surface waters. Increasing ocean CO2 concentration leads to decreasing carbonate ion concentration and increasing hydrogen ion activity (Box 6.1). The increase in atmospheric CO2 from about 280 ppm in 1800 to 380 ppm in 2004 has caused an average decrease across the surface of the oceans of about 0.1 pH units (∆pH ≈ –0.1) from an initial average surface ocean pH of about 8.2. Further increase in atmospheric CO2 will result in a further change in the chemistry of ocean surface waters that will eventually reach the deep ocean (Figure 6.4). The anthropogenic perturbation of ocean chemistry is greatest in the upper ocean where biological activity is high. Both biological and physical processes lead to the observed distribution of pH and its variability in the world ocean (Figure 6.6). As they transit from the Atlantic to Pacific Basins, deep ocean waters accumulate about 10% more dissolved inorganic carbon dioxide, primarily from the oxidation of sinking organic matter (Figure 6.7). Figure 6.4 Simulated ocean pH changes from CO2 release to the atmosphere. Modelled atmospheric CO2 change and horizontally averaged ∆pH driven by a CO2 emissions scenario: historic atmospheric CO2 up to 2000, IS92a from 2000 to 2100, and logistic curve extending beyond 2100 with 18,000 GtCO2 (Moomaw et al., 2001) cumulative emissions from 2000 onward (comparable to estimates of fossil-fuel resources – predominantly coal; Caldeira and Wickett, 2003). Since year 1800, the pH of the surface of the oceans has decreased about 0.1 pH units (from an initial average surface ocean pH of about 8.2) and CO32– has decreased about 40 μmol kg–1. There are a number of pH scales used by ocean chemists and biologists to characterize the hydrogen ion content of sea water, but ∆pH computed on different scales varies little from scale to scale (Brewer et al., 1995). Marchetti (1977) first proposed injecting liquefied CO2 into the waters flowing over the Mediterranean sill into the mid- depth North Atlantic, where the CO2 would be isolated from the atmosphere for centuries. This concept relies on the slow exchange of deep ocean waters with the surface to isolate CO2 from the atmosphere. The effectiveness of ocean storage will depend on how long CO2 remains isolated from the atmosphere. Over the centuries and millennia, CO2 released to the deep ocean will mix throughout the oceans and affect atmospheric CO2 concentration. The object is to transfer the CO2 to deep waters because the degree of isolation from the atmosphere generally increases with depth in the ocean. Proposed methods 6.2 Approaches to release of CO2 into the ocean 6.2.1 Approaches to releasing CO2 that has been captured, compressed, and transported into the ocean The basic concept of intentional CO2 storage in the ocean is to take a stream of CO2 that has been captured and compressed (Chapter 3), and transport it (Chapter 4) to the deep ocean for release at or above the sea floor. (Other ocean storage approaches are discussed in Sections 6.2.2 and 6.2.3.) Once released, the CO2 would dissolve into the surrounding sea water, disperse and become part of the ocean carbon cycle. 6.2.1.1 Basic approachPDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
PDF Search Title:
CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGEOriginal File Name Searched:
srccs_wholereport.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)