PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 309
Chapter 6: Ocean storage 297 verification difficulties than moving ship options. For ocean injection from large point sources on land, verifying compliance involves above ground inspection of facilities for verification of flow and the CO2 purity being consistent with environmental regulations (e.g., trace metal concentrations, etc.). For a power plant, flue gases could be monitored for flow rate and CO2 partial pressure, thus allowing conductivity sensors. Measurements of ocean pH and current profiles at sufficiently high temporal resolution could be used to evaluate the rate of CO2 release, local CO2 accumulation and net transport away from the site (Sundfjord et al., 2001). Undersea video cameras can monitor the point of release to observe CO2 flow. The very large sound velocity contrast between liquid CO2 (about 300 m s–1) and sea water (about 1,500 m s–1) offers the potential for very efficient monitoring of the liquid CO2 phase using acoustic techniques (e.g., sonar). a full power plant carbon audit. There are a variety of strategies for monitoring release of CO2 into the ocean from fixed locations. Brewer et al. (2005) observed a plume of CO2-rich sea water emanating from a small- scale experimental release at 4 km depth with an array of pH and The placement of CO2 directly in a lake on the sea floor can be verified, and the quantity and loss rate determined by a combination of acoustic, pH, and velocity measurements, and by direct inspection with underwater vehicles. Undersea vehicles, tethered or autonomous, could play a prominent role in monitoring and verification. Autonomous vehicles have been developed that can be programmed to efficiently follow a variety of complex trajectories over large areas (Simonetti, 1998), but accurate pH sensing in a rapidly changing pressure and temperature field has yet to be demonstrated. Deep-sea pH monitoring from tethered vehicles has been shown to be very precise (Brewer et al., 2004), and these vehicles can routinely collect precisely located samples for later analysis. Figure 6.22 Schematic of possible approaches for monitoring the injection of CO2 into the deep ocean via a pipeline. The grey region represents a plume of high CO2/low pH water extending from the end of the pipeline. Two sets of chemical, biological and current sensors and two underwater cameras are shown at the end of the pipeline. An array of moored sensors to monitor the direction and magnitude of the resulting plume can be seen around the pipe and are also located along the pipeline to monitor for possible leaks. A shore-based facility provides power to the sensors and for obtaining real-time data and an autonomous underwater vehicle maps the near-field distribution of the plume. A towed undulating pumping system monitors at distances of more than a few kilometres from the injection site. The towed system could provide much greater measurement accuracy and precision, but would also be able to provide measurements over large areas in a relatively short period of time. Moored systems are used to monitor the plume between mapping cruises. These moorings have surface buoys and make daily transmissions back to the monitoring facility via satellite. The very far-field distributions are monitored with hydrographic section cruises conducted every 2–5 years using standard discrete sampling approaches. These approaches provide the accuracy and precision required to detect the small CO2 signals that add to background variations. It will be possible to monitor the far field distributions of injected CO2 using a combination of shipboard measurements and modelling approaches. The ability to identify pH plumes in the ocean has been well demonstrated (Figure 6.23). Current analytical techniques for measuring total CO2 in the ocean are accurate to about ±0.05% (Johnson et al., 1998). Thus, measurable changes could be seen with the addition of approximately 90 tonnes of CO2 per km3. In other words, Figure 6.23 Measurements showing the ability to measure chemical effects of a natural CO2 plume. Profiles for pH were taken in June 1999 near the Axial Volcano at 46oN 130oW, in the ocean near Portland, Oregon, United States. 6.6.2.2 Monitoring the far fieldPDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
PDF Search Title:
CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGEOriginal File Name Searched:
srccs_wholereport.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |