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310 IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage table 6.5 Ocean storage cost estimate for CO2 transport and injection at 3000 m depth from a floating platform. Scenario assumes three pulverized coal fired power plants with a net generation capacity of 600 MWe each transported either 100 or 500 km by a CO2 tanker ship of 80,000 m3 capacity to a single floating discharge platform. Ship transport distance 100 km 500 km Onshore CO2 Storage (US$/tCO2 shipped) 3.3 3.3 Ship transport to injection platform (US$/tCO2 shipped) 2.9 4.2 Injection platform, pipe and nozzle (US$/tCO2 shipped) 5.3 5.3 Ocean storage cost (US$/tCO2 shipped) 11.5 12.8 Ocean storage cost (US$/tCO2 net stored) 11.9 13.2 6.9. Costs 6.9.1 Introduction Studies on the engineering cost of ocean CO2 storage have been published for cases where CO2 is transported from a power plant located at the shore by either ship to an offshore injection platform or injection ship (Section 6.9.2), or pipeline running on the sea floor to an injection nozzle (Section 6.9.3). Costs considered in this section include those specific to ocean storage described below and include the costs of handling of CO2 and transport of CO2 offshore, but not costs of onshore transport (Chapter 4). 6.9.2 Dispersion from ocean platform or moving ship Liquid CO2 could be delivered by a CO2 transport ship to the injection area and then transferred to a CO2 injection ship, which would tow a pipe injecting the CO2 into the ocean at a depth of 2,000 to 2,500 m. Estimated cost of ocean storage (Table 6.6) is again the sum of three major components: tank storage of CO2 onshore awaiting shipping; shipping of CO2; and the injection ship, pipe and nozzle (Table 6.6; Akai et al., 2004). The sum of these three components is 13.8 to 15.2 US$/tCO2 shipped 100 to 500 km. Assuming an emission equal to 3% of shipped CO2 from boil-off and fuel consumption, the estimated cost is 14.2 to 15.7 US$/tCO2 net stored. 6.9.3 Dispersion by pipeline extending from shore into shallow to deep water Costs have been estimated for ship transport of CO2 to an injection platform, with CO2 injection from a vertical pipe into mid- to deep ocean water, or a ship trailing an injection pipe (Akai et al., 2004; IEA-GHG, 1999; Ozaki, 1997; Akai et al., 1995; Ozaki et al., 1995). In these cases, the tanker ship transports liquid CO2 at low temperature (–55 to –50oC) and high pressure (0.6 to 0.7 MPa). Compared with the ship transport option (6.9.2), pipeline transport of CO2 is estimated to cost less for transport over shorter distances (e.g., 100 km) and more for longer distances (e.g., 500 km), since the cost of ocean storage via pipeline scales with pipeline length. Table 6.5 shows storage costs for cases (Akai et al., 2004) of ocean storage using an injection platform. In these cases, CO2 captured from three power plants is transported by a CO2 tanker ship to a single floating discharge platform for injection at a depth of 3000 m. The cost of ocean storage is the sum of three major components: tank storage of CO2 onshore awaiting shipping; shipping of CO2; and the injection platform pipe and nozzle. The sum of these three components is 11.5 to 12.8 US$/ tCO2 shipped 100 to 500 km. Assuming an emission equal to 3% of shipped CO2 from boil-off and fuel consumption, the estimated cost is 11.9 to 13.2 US$/tCO2 net stored. The cost for transporting CO2 from a power plant located at the shore through a pipeline running on the sea floor to an injection nozzle has been estimated by IEA-GHG (1994) and Akai et al. (2004). In the recent estimate of Akai et al. (2004), CO2 captured from a pulverized coal fired power plant with a net generation capacity of 600 MWe is transported either 100 or 500 km by a CO2 pipeline for injection at a depth of 3000 m at a cost of 6.2 US$/tCO2 net stored (100 km case) to 31.1 US$/ tCO2 net stored (500 km case). table 6.6 Ocean storage cost estimate for CO2 transport and injection at 2000-2500 m depth from a moving ship. There are no published cost estimates specific to the production of a CO2 lake on the sea floor; however, it might be reasonable to assume that there is no significant difference between the cost of CO2 lake production and the cost of water column injection given this dominance of pipeline costs. Ship transport distance 100 km 500 km Onshore CO2 Storage (US$/tCO2 shipped) 2.2 2.2 Ship transport to injection ship(US$/tCO2 shipped) 3.9 5.3 Injection ship, pipe and nozzle (US$/tCO2 shipped) 7.7 7.7 Ocean storage cost (US$/tCO2 shipped) 13.8 15.2 Ocean storage cost (US$/tCO2 net stored) 14.2 15.7PDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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