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Chapter 7: Mineral carbonation and industrial uses of carbon dioxide 323 Figure 7.2 Material fluxes and process steps associated with the ex-situ mineral carbonation of silicate rocks or industrial residues (Courtesy Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN)). mineral carbonation is today still an immature technology. Studies reported in the literature have not yet reached a level where a thorough assessment of the technology, potential, costs and impacts is possible. 7.2.2 Chemistry of mineral carbonation When CO2 reacts with metal oxides (indicated here as MO, where M is a divalent metal, e.g., calcium, magnesium, or iron) the corresponding carbonate is formed and heat is released according to the following chemical reaction: MO+CO2 →MCO3 +heat (1) The amount of heat depends on the specific metal and on the material containing the metal oxide. In general this is a large fraction (up to 46% in the case of calcium oxide) of the heat released by the upstream combustion process forming CO2 (393.8 kJ mol–1CO2 for combustion of elemental carbon). In the case of a few natural silicates the following exothermic chemical reactions take place (in all cases heat values are given per unit mol of CO2 and standard conditions 25°C and 0.1 MPa, Robie et al. 1978): Olivine: Mg2SiO4 + 2CO2 → 2MgCO3 + SiO2 + 89 kJ mol–1CO2 (2a) Mg3Si2O5(OH)4 + 3 CO2 → 3MgCO3 + 2SiO2 + 2H2O + 64 kJ mol–1CO2 (2b) CaSiO3 + CO2 → CaCO3 + SiO2 + 90 kJ mol–1CO2 (2c) Serpentine: Wollastonite: Since the reaction releases heat, the formation of carbonates is thermodynamically favoured at low temperature, whereas at high temperature (above 900°C for calcium carbonate and above 300°C for magnesium carbonate, at a CO2 partial pressure of one bar) the reverse reaction, that is calcination, is favoured. The representative member of the olivine family considered in the first reaction above is forsterite, which is iron-free. In nature most olivines contain some iron that can form iron oxides or siderite (FeCO3). Even at the low partial pressure of atmospheric CO2 and at ambient temperature, carbonation of metal oxide bearing minerals occurs spontaneously, though on geological time scales (Robie et al., 1978; Lasaga and Berner, 1998). LimitationsPDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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