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346 IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage table 8.2 Estimates of CO2 storage costs. a Does not include monitoring costs. b Includes offshore transportation costs; range represents 100-500 km distance offshore and 3000 m depth. c Unlike geological and ocean storage, mineral carbonation requires significant energy inputs equivalent to approximately 40% of the power plant output. (180–370 US$/tC). Costs and energy penalties (30–50% of the power plant output) are dominated by the activation of the ore necessary to accelerate the carbonation reaction. For mineral storage to become practical, additional research must reduce the cost of the carbonation step by a factor of three to four and eliminate a significant portion of the energy penalty by, for example, harnessing as much as possible the heat of carbonation. 8.2.4 Integrated systems The component costs given in this section provide a basis for the calculation of integrated system costs. However, the cost of mitigating CO2 emissions cannot be calculated simply by summing up the component costs for capture, transport and storage in units of ‘US$/tCO2’. This is because the amount of Option Representative Cost Range (uS$/tonne CO2 stored) Representative Cost Range (uS$/tonne C stored) Geological - Storagea 0.5-8.0 2-29 Geological - Monitoring 0.1-0.3 0.4-1.1 Oceanb Pipeline Ship (Platform or Moving Ship Injection) 6-31 12-16 22-114 44-59 Mineral Carbonationc 50-100 180-370 8.2.3.2 Ocean storage The cost of ocean storage is a function of the distance offshore and injection depth. Cost components include offshore transportation and injection of the CO2. Various schemes for ocean storage have been considered. They include: • tankers to transport low temperature (–55 to –50oC), high pressure (0.6–0.7 MPa) liquid CO2 to a platform, from where it could be released through a vertical pipe to a depth of 3000 m; • carrier ships to transport liquid CO2, with injection through a towed pipe from a moving dispenser ship; • undersea pipelines to transport CO2 to an injection site. Table 8.2 provides a summary of costs for transport distances of 100–500 km offshore and an injection depth of 3000 m. Chapter 6 also discusses the option of carbonate neutralization, where flue-gas CO2 is reacted with seawater and crushed limestone. The resulting mixture is then released into the upper ocean. The cost of this process has not been adequately addressed in the literature and therefore the possible cost of employing this process is not addressed here. Mineral carbonation is still in its R&D phase, so costs are uncertain. They include conventional mining and chemical processing. Mining costs include ore extraction, crushing and grinding, mine reclamation and the disposal of tailings and carbonates. These are conventional mining operations and several studies have produced cost estimates of 10 US$/tCO2 (36 US$/tC) or less. Since these estimates are based on similar mature and efficient operations, this implies that there is a strong lower limit on the cost of mineral storage. Carbonation costs include chemical activation and carbonation. Translating today’s laboratory implementations into industrial practice yields rough cost estimates of about 50–100 US$/tCO2 stored 4 This section is based on material presented in Section 6.9. The reader is referred to that section for a more detailed analysis and literature references. 5 This section is based on material presented in Section 7.2. The reader is referred to that section for a more detailed analysis and literature references. 8.2.3.3 Storage via mineral carbonation Figure 8.2 CO2 capture and storage from power plants. The increased CO2 production resulting from loss in overall efficiency of power plants due to the additional energy required for capture, transport and storage, and any leakage from transport result in a larger amount of ‘CO2 produced per unit of product’(lower bar) relative to the reference plant (upper bar) without capturePDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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