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Chapter 9: Implications of carbon dioxide capture and storage for greenhouse gas inventories and accounting 365 ExECutIvE SummARy This chapter addresses how methodologies to estimate and report reduced or avoided greenhouse gas emissions from the main options for CO2 capture and storage (CCS) systems could be included in national greenhouse gas inventories, and in accounting schemes such as the Kyoto Protocol. The IPCC Guidelines and Good Practice Guidance reports (GPG2000 and GPG-LULUCF) 1are used in preparing national inventories under the UNFCCC. These guidelines do not specifically address CO2 capture and storage, but the general framework and concepts could be applied for this purpose. The IPCC guidelines give guidance for reporting on annual emissions by gas and by sector. The amount of CO2 captured and stored can be measured, and could be reflected in the relevant sectors and categories producing the emissions, or in new categories created specifically for CO2 capture, transportation and storage in the reporting framework. In the first option, CCS would be treated as a mitigation measure and, for example, power plants with CO2 capture or use of decarbonized fuels would have lower emissions factors (kgCO2/kg fuel used) than conventional systems. In the second option, the captured and stored amounts would be reported as removals (sinks) for CO2. In both options, emissions from fossil fuel use due to the additional energy requirements in the capture, transportation and injection processes would be covered by current methodologies. But under the current framework, they would not be allocated to the CCS system. The literature on accounting for the potential impermanence of stored CO2 focuses on sequestration in the terrestrial biosphere. Although notably different from CCS in oceans or in geological reservoirs (with respect to ownership, the role of management, measurement and monitoring, expected rate of physical leakage; modes of potential physical leakage; and assignment of liability), there are similarities. Accounting approaches, such as discounting, the ton-year approach, and rented or temporary credits, are discussed. Ultimately, political processes will decide the value of temporary storage and allocation of responsibility for stored carbon. Precedents set by international agreements on sequestration in the terrestrial biosphere provide some guidance, but there are important differences that will have to be considered. 9.1 Introduction Methodologies to estimate, monitor and report physical leakage from storage options would need to be developed. Some additional guidance specific to the systems would need to be given for fugitive emissions from capture, transportation and injection processes. Conceptually, a similar scheme could be used for mineral carbonation and industrial use of CO2. However, detailed methodologies would need to be developed for the specific processes. The inclusion of CCS systems in national greenhouse gas inventories is discussed in Section 9.2 (Greenhouse gas inventories). The section gives an overview of the existing framework, the main concepts and methodologies used in preparing and reporting national greenhouse gas emissions and removals with the aim of identifying inventory categories for reporting CCS systems. In addition, areas are identified where existing methodologies could be used to include these systems in the inventories, and areas where new methodologies (including emission/removal factors and uncertainty estimates) would need to be developed. Treatment of CCS in corporate or company reporting is beyond the scope of the chapter. Quantified commitments, emission trading or other similar mechanisms need clear rules and methodologies for accounting for emissions and removals. There are several challenges for the accounting frameworks. Firstly, there is a lack of knowledge about the rate of physical leakage from different storage options including possibilities for accidental releases over a very long time period (issues of permanence and liability). Secondly, there are the implications of the additional energy requirements of the options; and the issues of liability and economic leakage where CO2 capture and storage crosses the traditional accounting boundaries. Issues related to accounting2 under the Kyoto Protocol; or under other similar accounting schemes that would limit emissions, provide credits for emission reductions, or encourage emissions trading; are addressed in Section 9.3 (Accounting issues). The section addresses issues that could warrant special rules and modalities in accounting schemes because of specific features of CCS systems, such as permanence of CO2 storage and liability issues related to transportation and storage in international territories and across national borders. Specific consideration is also given to CCS systems in relation to the mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol (Emission Trading, Joint Implementation and the Clean Development Mechanism). CO2 capture and storage (CCS) can take a variety of forms. This chapter discusses how the main CCS systems as well as mineral carbonation and industrial uses of CO2, described in the previous chapters could be incorporated into national greenhouse gas inventories and accounting schemes. However, inventory or accounting issues specific to enhanced oil recovery or enhanced coal bed methane are not addressed here. 1 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC 1997) – abbreviated as IPCC Guidelines in this chapter; IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC 2000) – abbreviated as GPG2000; and IPCC Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry ( IPCC 2003) – abbreviated as GPG-LULUCF. 2 ‘Accounting’ refers to the rules for comparing emissions and removals as reported with commitments. In this context, ‘estimation’ is the process of calculating greenhouse gas emissions and removals, and ‘reporting’ is the process of providing the estimates to the UNFCCC (IPCC 2003).PDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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