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366 9.2 National greenhouse gas inventories IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage Information on pollutant emissions is usually compiled in ‘emission inventories’. Emissions are listed according to categories such as pollutants, sectors, and source and compiled per geographic area and time interval. Many different emission inventories have been prepared for different purposes. Among the commitments in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC, 1992) all Parties, taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities, and their specific national and regional development priorities, objectives and circumstances, shall: ‘Develop, periodically update, publish and make available to the Conference of the Parties, national inventories of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, using comparable methodologies to be agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties’.3 included in the total emissions of Norway. The spread of the CO2 in the storage reservoir has been monitored by seismic methods. No physical leakage has been detected. An uncertainty estimate has not been performed but it is expected to be done when more information is available from the project’s monitoring programme. Industrialized countries (Annex I Parties) are required to report annually and developing countries (non-Annex I Parties) to report on greenhouse gas emissions and removals to the Convention periodically, as part of their National Communications to the UNFCCC. National greenhouse gas inventories are prepared using the methodologies in the IPCC Guidelines as complemented by the GPG2000 and GPGLULUCF, or methodologies consistent with these. These inventories should include all anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks not covered by the Montreal Protocol. To ensure high quality and accuracy, inventories by Annex I Parties are reviewed by expert review teams coordinated by the UNFCCC Secretariat. The review reports are published on the UNFCCC website. The reporting guidelines under the UNFCCC7, and under the Kyoto Protocol as specified in the Marrakech Accords require Annex I Parties to use the IPCC Guidelines1, as elaborated by the GPG20001, in estimating and reporting national greenhouse gas inventories. The use of the GPG-LULUCF1 will start in 200 with a one-year trial period8. Non-Annex I Parties also use the IPCC Guidelines in their reporting, and use of GPG2000 and GPG-LULUCF reports is encouraged.9 The main reporting framework (temporal, spatial and sectoral) and the guiding principles of the IPCC Guidelines and good practice guidance reports are given in Box 9.1. The rules and modalities for accounting are elaborated under the Kyoto Protocol (UNFCCC, 1997) and the Marrakech Accords (UNFCCC, 2002). The Kyoto Protocol specifies emission limitation or reduction commitments by the Annex I Parties for six gases/gas groups: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). The IPCC Guidelines will be revised and updated by early 200610. In the draft outline for the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, CCS is mentioned in a footnote in the Energy Sector: ‘It is recognized that CO2 capture and storage is an important emerging issue in inventory development. The coverage of CO2 storage in this report will be closely coordinated with progress on IPCC SR on CO2 capture and storage. CO2 capture activities will be integrated as appropriate into the methods presented for source categories where it may occur.’ At present, CCS is practiced on a very small scale. CCS projects have not generally been described in the national inventory reports of the countries where they take place. An exception is the Sleipner CCS project, which is included in Norway’s inventory report.6 Norway provides information on the annual captured and stored amounts, as well as on the amounts of CO2 that escape to the atmosphere during the injection process (amounts have varied from negligible to about 0.8% of the captured amount). The escaping CO2 emissions are 9.2.2 Methodological framework for CO2 capture and storage systems in national greenhouse gas inventories The scarce reporting of current CCS projects is due largely to the small number and size of industrial CCS projects in operation, as well as to the lack of clarity in the reporting methodologies. 9.2.1 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines and IPCC Good Practice Guidance The two main options for including CCS in national greenhouse gas inventories have been identified and analysed using the current methodological framework for total chain from capture to storage (geological and ocean storage). These options are: • Source reduction: To evaluate the CCS systems as mitigation options to reduce emissions to the atmosphere; 3 Commitment related to the Articles .1 (a) and 12.1 (a) of the United Nations Framework Convention of Climate Change (UNFCCC). http://unfccc.int The Marrakech Accords refer to the Report of the Conference of the Parties of the UNFCCC on its seventh session (COP7), held in Marrakech 29 October to 10 November 2001. 7 FCCC/CP2002/7/Add.2: Annexes to Decision 17/CP.8 Guidelines for the preparation of national communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention and 18/CP.8 Guidelines for the preparation of national communications by Parties included in Annex I to the Convention, part I: UNFCCC reporting guidelines on annual inventories. 6 Norway’s inventory report can be found at http://cdr.eionet. eu.int/no/un/UNFCCC/envqh6rog. 8 FCCC/SBSTA/2003/L.22 and FCCC/SBSTA/2003/L.22/Add.1. 9 FCCC/CP/2002/7/Add.2. 10 http://www.ipcc.ch/meet/session21.htm: IPCC XXI/Doc.10.PDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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