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Chapter 9: Implications of carbon dioxide capture and storage for greenhouse gas inventories and accounting 367 Box 9.1 Main reporting framework (temporal, spatial and sectoral) and guiding principles of the IPCC Guidelines and good practice guidance reports. The IPCC methodologies for estimating and reporting national greenhouse gas inventories are based on sectoral guidance for reporting of actual emissions and removals of greenhouse gases by gas and by year. The IPCC Guidelines give the framework for the reporting (sectors, categories and sub-categories), default methodologies and default emission/removal factors (the so called Tier 1 methodologies) for the estimation. Higher tier methodologies are based on more sophisticated methods for estimating emissions/removals and on the use of national or regional parameters that accommodate the specific national circumstances. These methodologies are not always described in detail in the IPCC Guidelines. Use of transparent and well- documented national methodologies consistent with those in the IPCC Guidelines is encouraged. The Good Practice Guidance (GPG) reports facilitate the development of inventories in which the emissions/removals are not over- or under-estimated, so far as can be judged, and in which the uncertainties are reduced as far as practicable. Further aims are to produce transparent, documented, consistent, complete, comparable inventories, which are i) assessed for uncertainties, ii) subject to quality assurance and quality control, and iii) efficient in the use of resources. The GPG reports give guidance on how to choose the appropriate methodologies for specific categories in a country, depending on the importance of the category (key category analysis is used to determine the importance) and on availability of data and resources for the estimation. Decision trees guide the choice of estimation method most suited to the national circumstances. The category-specific guidance linked to the decision trees also provides information on the choice of emission factors and activity data. The GPG reports give guidance on how to meet the requirements of transparency, consistency, completeness, comparability, and accuracy required by the national greenhouse gas inventories. The Sectors covered in the IPCC Guidelines are: (i) Energy, (ii) Industrial Processes, (iii) Solvent and Other Product Use, (iv) Agriculture, (v) Land Use Change and Forestry, (vi) Waste and (vii) Other. The use of the seventh sector ‘Other’ is discouraged: ‘Efforts should be made to fit all emission sources/sinks into the six categories described above. If it is impossible to do so, however, this category can be used, accompanied by a detailed explanation of the source/sink activity’’ (IPCC 1997). • Sink enhancement: To evaluate the CCS systems using an analogy with the treatment made to CO2 removals by sinks in the sector Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry. A balance is made of the CO2 emissions and removals to obtain the net emission or removal. In this option, removals by sinks are related to CO2 storage. would not alter the emissions from the combustion process but the stored amount of CO2 would be reported as a removal in the inventory. Application of the second option would require adoption of new definitions not available in the UNFCCC or in the current methodological framework for the preparation of inventories. UNFCCC (1992) defines a sink as ‘any process, activity or mechanism which removes a greenhouse gas, an aerosol, or a precursor of a greenhouse gas from the atmosphere’. Although ‘removal’ was not included explicitly in the UNFCCC definitions, it appears associated with the ‘sink’ concept. CCS11 systems do not meet the UNFCCC definition for a sink, but given that the definition was agreed without having CCS systems in mind, it is likely that this obstacle could be solved (Torvanger et al., 200). In both options, estimation methodologies could be developed to cover most of the emissions in the CCS system (see Figure 9.1), and reporting could use the current framework for preparation of national greenhouse gas inventories. In the first option, reduced emissions could be reported in the category where capture takes place. For instance, capture in power plants could be reported using lower emission factors than for plants without CCS. But this could reduce transparency of reporting and make review of the overall impact on emissions more difficult, especially if the capture process and emissions from transportation and storage are not linked. This would be emphasized where transportation and storage includes captured CO2 from many sources, or when these take place across national borders. An alternative would be to track CO2 flows through the entire capture and storage system making transparent how much CO2 was produced, how much was emitted to the atmosphere at each process stage, and how much CO2 was transferred to storage. This latter approach, which appears fully transparent and consistent with earlier UNFCCC agreements, is described in this chapter. General issues of relevance to CCS systems include system boundaries (sectoral, spatial and temporal) and these will vary in importance with the specific system and phases of the system. The basic methodological approaches for system components, together with the status of the methods and availability of data for these are discussed below. Mineral carbonation and industrial use of CO2 are addressed separately. The second option is to report the impact of the CCS system as a sink. For instance, reporting of capture in power plants • Sectoral boundaries: The draft outline for the 2006 IPCC Guidelines (see Section 9.2.1) states that: ‘CO2 capture activities will be integrated as appropriate into the methods presented for source/sink categories where they may 11 Few cases are nearer to the ‘sink’ definition. For example, mineralization can also include fixation from the atmosphere.PDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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