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Chapter 9: Implications of carbon dioxide capture and storage for greenhouse gas inventories and accounting 373 9.3.1 Uncertainty, non-permanence and discounting methodology terrestrial biosphere is subject to potential future release if, for example, there is a wildfire, change in land management practices, or climate change renders the vegetative cover unsustainable. Although the risks of CO2 loss from well-chosen geological reservoirs are very different, such risks do exist. The literature suggests various accounting strategies so that sequestration in the biosphere could be treated as the negative equivalent of emissions. Sequestration could be shown in national emission accounts and trading of emissions credits, and debits between parties could occur for sequestration activities in the terrestrial biosphere. Whether CCS is treated as a CO2 sink or as a reduction in emissions, the issues of accounting for physical leakage from storage are similar. 9.3.1.1 Dealing with the impermanence of carbon dioxide storage CO2 storage is not necessarily permanent. Physical leakage from storage reservoirs is possible via (1) gradual and long- term release or (2) sudden release of CO2 caused by disruption of the reservoir. There is very little literature on accounting for the potential impermanence of CCS. There are, however, a significant number of publications on accounting for the impermanence of CO2 sequestration in the terrestrial biosphere. Although sequestration in the terrestrial biosphere is notably fig. 9-2 different from CO2 storage in the ocean or in geological reservoirs, there are also similarities. 13CO2 stored in the Storage reservoir Storage reservoir Country A Country B Current year flow Future year flow Country A Inventory of emissions to the atmosphere Figure 9.2 Simplified flow diagram showing how CCS could transcend traditional accounting boundaries13 13 The operating cost shown are the CO2 emitted as a result of the additional energy required to operate the system, plus fugitive emissions from separation, transport and injection. Physical leakage Operating costs Emissions Operating costs Operating costs Physical leakage Capture and storage Capture and storagePDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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