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Annex I: Properties of CO2 and carbon-based fuels AI.1 Introduction This Annex presents data about the relevant physical and chemical properties of CO2 together with an outline of the effects of CO2 on human health and a summary of some of the typical recommendations for avoiding harm to humans. Established uses for CO2 are listed and some common conversion factors relevant to this report are presented. An introduction is also provided to the main types of fossil fuels and other carbon- containing fuels, as background to considering how their use produces CO2. AI.2 Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound of two elements, carbon and oxygen, in the ratio of one to two; its molecular formula is CO2. It is present in the atmosphere in small quantities (370 ppmv) and plays a vital role in the Earth’s environment as a necessary ingredient in the life cycle of plants and animals. During photosynthesis plants assimilate CO2 and release oxygen. Anthropogenic activities which cause the emission of CO2 include the combustion of fossil fuels and other carbon- 385 containing materials, the fermentation of organic compounds such as sugar and the breathing of humans. Natural sources of CO2, including volcanic activity, dominate the Earth’s carbon cycle. CO2 gas has a slightly irritating odour, is colourless and is denser than air. Although it is a normal, if minor, constituent of air, high concentrations of CO2 can be dangerous. AI.2.1 Physical properties of CO2 AI.2.1.1 General At normal temperature and pressure, carbon dioxide is a gas. The physical state of CO2 varies with temperature and pressure as shown in Figure AI.1 − at low temperatures CO2 is a solid; on warming, if the pressure is below 5.1 bar, the solid will sublime directly into the vapour state. At intermediate temperatures (between −56.5oC, the temperature of the triple point, and 31.1oC, the critical point), CO2 may be turned from a vapour into a liquid by compressing it to the corresponding liquefaction pressure (and removing the heat produced). At temperatures higher than 31.1oC (if the pressure is greater than 73.9 bar, the pressure at the critical point), CO2 is said Figure AI.1 Phase diagram for CO2. Copyright © 1999 ChemicaLogic Corporation, 99 South Bedford Street, Suite 207, Burlington, MA 01803 USA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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