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Chapter 2: Literature review 26 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ the world’s materially poorest citizens, had described “the symbiotic nature of the relationships between various private sector and social institutional players that can lead to a rapid development of markets” (p. 63). These strategic ideas all feature within a business ecosystem: participants compete over products and services while cooperating around shared goals and complementing the offers of other participants. In the domain of marketing, Geoffrey Moore (a different author, not to be confused with James Moore) had previously described a chasm between early adopters and pragmatists in the technology adoption life-cycle (Moore, 1999). Crossing the chasm to the mainstream market depends, in part, on the availability of the right complements demanded by pragmatic users. In a business ecosystem, these complements can profitably be provided by specialized niche players, enabling the keystone to focus on maintaining the core platform and on orchestration of ecosystem innovation – what Moore (2006) had called “the guiding hand of community leaders” in Table 9. In the domain of research and development and product and service design, Baldwin & Clark (2000) had argued that specialization of firms is enabled by architectural modularity – “a nested hierarchical structure of interrelationships among the primary elements of [a] set [of parameters, tasks, or people]” (p. 11); their field setting was the computer industry, which had evolved from integral mainframes in the 1960s dominated by IBM, to the modular personal computers supplied by the dis-aggregated “Wintel” PC ecosystem in the 1990s (Moore, 1993). Raymond (2001) contrasted two software development models: a cathedral model in which incremental code updates are available only to developers between major releases, and a bazaar model in which all _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Copyright © 2018 Ewan ReidPDF Image | Carbon Removal
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