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Chapter 2: Literature review 35 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Table 11: Connections between seeking autonomy and business ecosystems Domain or theme Business Strategy Research and development; design of products and services Law Technology Entrepreneurship Innovation Processes Ecosystems as a perspective Connection with business ecosystem organizational form Seeking to break free of the constraint of poverty through interactions with external actors and communities Integral architectures (that are not modular) impose constraints which can be broken free from with specialization in an ecosystem enabled by modularity Excessive intellectual property rights can constrain shared collaboration and learning; peer production in ecosystems can be a means of breaking free Technology entrepreneurs may be constrained by limited resources, limited local reach, limited prior experience, or limited access to partners and capabilities; business ecosystems may be a partial remedy with which to break free from, or break up, these constraints Limitations of producer innovation can be constraints; user innovation and open collaborative innovation can be the means to break free from, or break up, these constraints An entrenched and “taken for granted” value proposition can be constraining for an innovator seeking to establish a new value proposition; enacting an ecosystem strategy that entails a shift in ecosystem structure and provides the impetus for other actors in the ecosystem to change their behaviours can be a means to break free from, or break up, this constraint Source Prahalad (2005) Marti et al. (2013) Baldwin & Clark (2000) Benkler (2002) Lessig (2004) Muegge (2013) Baldwin & von Hippel (2011) Adner (2017) Prahalad (2005) argued that poverty reduction can be achieved by serving the world’s materially poorest citizens through an extended ecosystem for wealth creation. Bottom-of-the-pyramid thinking links the strategy theme of the business ecosystems literature to various ideas in the emancipation literature including power-as-practice (Goss et al. 2011), social entrepreneurship (Mair et al. 2012), social change (Pless & Appel, 2012) and poverty reduction (Scott et al., 2012). Most strikingly, Prahalad’s thinking aligns with the Marti et al. (2013) findings that powerless people can be emancipated through interactions with external actors and communities. For technology entrepreneurs, Muegge (2013) argues that business ecosystems can be a partial remedy for at least three common challenges (p. 5): _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Copyright © 2018 Ewan ReidPDF Image | Carbon Removal
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