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Executive Summary In this report, we assess the current state of affairs surrounding technological carbon dioxide removal (CDR)—sometimes referred to as “engineered” CDR or negative emissions technologies (NETs)—in the United States. After defining what technological CDR is and why it matters, we examine the status of technological CDR in the U.S. economy—looking carefully at what companies and investors are doing currently. We then review the policy and political landscape for technological CDR before providing concrete policy recommendations for action at the Federal level. CDR is the name given to a suite of processes and technologies that remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Removing carbon from the atmosphere lowers the concentration of greenhouse gases (GhG) in the atmosphere, which in turn slows global warming and climate change. Scientists generally agree that substantial use of CDR will be essential to meet global climate goals and prevent catastrophic climate change. Nature is the oldest and most familiar type of CDR. Trees and other plants absorb CO2 naturally through photosynthesis, storing carbon in their biomass and in soils. Other natural organisms in the ocean, soil and sedimentary rocks also remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Humanity can harness the power of nature to remove carbon from the air by managing forests, farmlands, oceans and soils for this purpose. Solving the climate crisis will require far greater investments in natural CDR, as we have argued previously in our paper published in June 2018.1 However, nature is not the only CDR solution. Innovative technologies and chemical processes can also take carbon out of the atmosphere. Today, companies and inventors are working on machines that capture CO2 from ambient air and either store it underground or turn it into a commercially valuable product, such as an input for concrete. Removing CO2 directly from the air using artificial technology is known as direct air capture (DAC). Other CDR technologies include bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), biochar, ocean iron fertilization, direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS) or utilization, and enhanced weathering and ocean alkalinization. These are considered “hybrid” technologies, as they combine both natural solutions and technology to remove carbon. Based on our examination of the different CDR technologies available today, DAC appears to offer the most promise long term, for both commercial prospects and removal of CO2. Most scientists and experts believe that scaling up technological CDR will be essential to stabilize the Earth’s climate at a safe level, as the United Nations’ scientific body on climate change outlined in its report in October 2018. Based on the current trajectory, the world may overshoot global climate goals – i.e. increase GhG concentrations to more than 2 ̊ above pre-industrial levels. Should this happen, technological CDR could become essential to bring back GhG concentrations to safe levels quickly in the second half of this century. During the past two years, entrepreneurs and academics have increased their enthusiasm regarding technological CDR, receiving money from governments, angel investors, and philanthropists. At the same time, a larger number of companies are experimenting with carbon capture and utilization or sequestration (CCUS), with a handful reaching the commercial phase. CCUS is similar but not the same as technological CDR. CCUS technologies capture carbon before it enters the atmosphere—as part of the process that 1 Langley, Claire. “Creating Negative Emissions: The Role of Natural and Technological Carbon Dioxide Removal Strategies.” Climate Advisers. June 22, 2018. https://www.climateadvisers.com/creating-negative-emissions-the-role-of-natural-and-technological- carbon-dioxide-removal-strategies/ 4PDF Image | Carbon Removal Final Report
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