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strips out the CO2 as the corn is converted to ethanol. The CO2 is then stored underground. The ADM scheme is different than other BECCS projects, which include power plants burning wood to produce electricity and capturing the CO2. BECCS is a crucial part of the suite of CDR solutions necessary to limit warming to 1.5 degrees, according to the IPCC. Infrastructure constraints – such storage sites and access to transportation for CO2 and biomass – and the fact that widescale utilization would require land and water use reflect the myriad challenges that BECCS faces in order for commercialization to occur. According to the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, about 30 percent of the United States’ biomass could be used for BECCS. At that level, BECCS projects would remove 100 megatons of CO2 annually, the equivalent of 1.6 percent of the emissions reductions needed by 2030. The IPCC has continued to highlight the importance of BECCS, but its reports have given it less relevance over time, the result of its continued high costs, the large scale necessary to make a meaningful impact on emissions, and the emergence of other technologies and strategies to combat climate change.18 Enhanced weathering, the process of dispersing reactive minerals on land or the ocean to absorb CO2, is energy intensive and costly. Companies looking to monetize enhanced weathering may have to factor in the costs of mining and crushing the rock. Moreover, transporting and distributing the rock to spread on cropland may also further escalate costs, while also increasing the environmental footprint of the project. There are, however, some means of enhanced weathering that do not involve mining or crushing rock. Other issues to consider are the natural process of weathering absorbing CO2 slowly and the fact that it is best done in humid areas. A study by the Potsdam Institute for Climate says enhanced weathering could become economical at between $60 to $200 per ton, depending on the type of rock. Altogether, a number of large hurdles are in the way of enhanced weather becoming realized on a large scale. Thorben Amann of Hamburg University’s Institute for Geology, Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability pointed out how costly one version of enhanced weathering is: “To sequester one billion tons of CO2, more than three billion tons basalt would have to be spread, a mindboggling amount equal to almost half of the current global coal production. Grinding the rocks and spreading the powder over roughly one-fifth of global cropland would be necessary, which is believed to be feasible, but -- due to the gigantic amount of rocks involved -- the costs eventually add up.”19 Biochar Market Holds Promise, Set to Grow Biochar, a product that is developed from burning biomass and using it to improve soil quality. Companies see biochar as both a climate change solution – CO2 is sequestered in the soil for hundreds of years – and a commercial product. Companies investing in the technology predict biochar becoming a multi-billion industry in the coming decade. The biochar market is still nascent, but it is working its way into the mainstream with new scientific research and technology. The market for biochar has grown significantly in recent years as knowledge of its potential to sequester carbon has gained more traction. Growers, mostly farmers, purchase biochar to spread on their cropland to increase its productivity, help it retain water, and absorb CO2. The demand for biochar (some refer to it as engineered biocarbon) is on the rise among farmers wanting to improve the health of their soil. Consultancy Grand View Research sees the biochar market growing by 13 percent annually to reach $3.15 18 Aton, Adam. “Forests are ‘really central’ to 1.5 C.” E&E News. October 9, 2018. https://www.eenews.net/climatewire/stories/1060101837/ 19 Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research. “Enhanced weathering of rocks can help pull CO2 out of the air”. ScienceDaily. March 6, 2018. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/03/180306101711.htm 15PDF Image | Carbon Removal Final Report
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