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Fertilizing the ocean with iron could promote the growth of algae, which absorb carbon dioxide. It is generally recognized that ocean iron fertilization is deeply problematic, with environmental risks outweighing the potential for negative emissions. The negative and unpredictable environmental effects of ocean fertilization can include toxic algal blooms; increases in ocean acidity; decreases in oxygen; disrupted nutrient cycling; and disrupted food webs, including fish, seabirds, and ocean mammals.41 Fertilization can also unpredictably disrupt the yields of fisheries.42 Meanwhile, the overall climate benefit is limited, given that fertilization can produce additional gases, including nitrous oxide and methane, and can result in carbon storage that is largely temporary, with carbon returning to the atmosphere rather than being sequestered in the deep ocean.43 Enhanced Weathering (EW) and Ocean Alkalinization Enhanced weathering is the process of dispersing crushed silicate or carbonate minerals over land to accelerate the absorption of carbon dioxide. Meanwhile, ocean alkalinization is the process of dispersing alkaline minerals in the ocean, changing ocean chemistry and increasing carbon dioxide uptake.44 Enhanced weathering and ocean alkalinization have not yet been demonstrated at scale but raise several concerns. The mining and transport necessary for these techniques could have a significant environmental footprint and require a significant amount of energy.45 In addition, the dispersal of minerals in enhanced weathering could negatively affect terrestrial ecosystems as well as groundwater and rivers, while the dispersal of minerals in ocean alkalinization could negatively affect marine ecosystems.46 Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage (DACCS) DACCS captures carbon from ambient air through a chemical process and stores it underground. Although the technique has not yet been demonstrated at scale, it has elicited fewer climate, environmental, or socioeconomic concerns than other negative emissions technologies.47 Climate-related concerns revolve around carbon losses during transportation and storage; they also revolve around the energy intensiveness of DACCS, which could offset its climate benefit unless the energy source is clean. Environmental and socioeconomic concerns revolve around water use, which could be significant for some technologies; mining that may be required for input materials; land use, which would be relatively minimal aside from any associated clean energy infrastructure; and negative environmental effects that have not yet been anticipated or considered.48 Key Funding from the Department of Energy 41 European Academies Science Advisory Council, “Negative Emissions Technologies”; Williamson, “Comment: Scrutinize CO2Removal Methods”;Minx et al., “Negative emissions—Part 1: Research landscape and synthesis”;Fuss et al., “Negative emissions—Part 2: Costs, potentials and side effects”; Lawrence et al., “Evaluating climate geoengineering proposals in the context of the Paris Agreement temperature goals.” 42 European Academies Science Advisory Council, “Negative Emissions Technologies”; Williamson, “Comment: Scrutinize CO2Removal Methods”; Fuss et al., “Negative emissions—Part 2: Costs, potentials and side effects.” 43 Fuss et al., “Negative emissions—Part 2: Costs, potentials and side effects”; Williamson, “Comment: Scrutinize CO2Removal Methods”; Lawrence et al., “Evaluating climate geoengineering proposals in the context of the Paris Agreement temperature goals.” 44 Committee on Geoengineering Climate et al., “Climate Intervention”; “European Academies Science Advisory Council, “Negative Emissions Technologies.” 45 Fuss et al., “Negative emissions—Part 2: Costs, potentials and side effects.” 46 Minx et al., “Negative emissions—Part 1: Research landscape and synthesis”; Fuss et al., “Negative emissions—Part 2: Costs, potentials and side effects.” 47 Williamson, “Comment: Scrutinize CO2Removal Methods”; Lawrence et al., “Evaluating climate geoengineering proposals in the context of the Paris Agreement temperature goals.” 48 Smith and Friedmann, “Bridging the Gap: Carbon Dioxide Removal”; Fuss et al., “Negative emissions—Part 2: Costs, potentials and side effects.” 25PDF Image | Carbon Removal Final Report
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