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are more uncertain than for state-of-the-art techniques, but indicate the use of an additional 23.6 Gt of CO2.3 Because it is already widely practiced, CO2-EOR is not further addressed in this report. Instead, non- EOR utilization approaches are the focus of material presented below. The wide array of carbon utilization options is illustrated in Figure 1. Each carbon utilization pathway has specific characteristics in terms of technical maturity, market potential, economics, and CO2 reduction impact. Given this diversity, implementing both broad-based policies and sector-specific ones together will have the greatest impact on CCU development. Entities from across the spectrum of greenhouse gas emissions stakeholders are increasingly focused on new uses for recycled carbon and how policies can encourage them. Five prominent examples include: • The U.S. Department of Energy commissioned the development of a report by the National Coal Coun- cil (NCC) entitled CO2 Building Blocks: Assessing CO2 Utilization Options3. The 2016 report’s primary focus, “is to assess opportunities to advance commercial markets for CO2 from coal-based power generation and the extent to which CO2 markets for EOR and non-EOR utilization could incentivize deployment of carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technologies.” • China’s Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) published the results of its comprehensive scientific assessment of geologic and non-geologic CO2 utilization technologies in the country, highlighting the following technologies as holding particular promise: (1) CO2-EOR, with and without enhanced water recovery; (2) use of CO2 from coal conversion technologies for use in enhanced coal- bed methane recovery; and (3) use of CO2 from steel and cement production for mineralization of bulk solids and cultivation of microalgae that could FIGURE 1: CO2 utilization pathways Inerting Biological Agent Conversion Food/Products Energy Services Carbonated Beverages Compressed Gas Energy Storage Chemical Energy Storage Heat Transfer Working Fluid Flavors/Fragrances Decaffeination Carbonates Methanol Urea CO Methane Refrigeration Dry Ice Building Products Liquid Fuels Fertilizer Secondary Chemicals Extractant Working Fluid Mineralization Refrigerant Plastics Miscellaneous Fire Supression FE/NETL CO2 Utilization Supported Area Fire Extinguishers Blanket Products Protect Reactive Powders Shield Gas in Welding Injected into Metal Castings Added to Medical O2 as Respiratory Stimulant Aerosol Can Propellant Dry Ice Pellets Used for Sand Blasting Red Mud Carbonation Oil EOR Gas EGR Polycarbonate Polymers Enhanced Fuel Recovery CAPTURED CO Chemicals Source: National Energy Technology Laboratory www.netl.doe.gov 2 Center for Climate and Energy Solutions ECBM 2 Fuels Algae Biogases Greenhouse Gases Food Pharmaceutical AdditivesPDF Image | Carbon Utilization
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