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FIGURE 6. Primary pathways for production of fuels from CO2 Source: Carbon Dioxide Utilization (CO2U) ICEF Roadmap 2.0 https://www.icef-forum.org/platform/upload/CO2U_Roadmap_ICEF2017.pdf. Note that some industrial sources contain CO and do not require an initial conversion step. Mechanisms for accomplishing this fall into the following categories: • Thermocatalytic: Energy is provided in the form of heat (and pressure) and the reaction is driven by a catalyst that activates CO2 so that it can react with hydrogen. • Electrochemical: Energy is provided in the form of electricity and reactions take place in an electrochemical cell. • Biochemical: Living organisms or the unique products they generate (e.g. enzymes) convert CO2 or CO to products. • Photochemical: Solar energy provides the heat or electricity needed to drive catalytic conversion reactions. • Hybrid approaches: The approaches noted above are combined (e.g. electrolysis coupled with thermocatalytic approaches, electrochemical reactions driven by microbes, etc.).19 In general, the two leading methods of hydrogen production are steam methane reforming (SMR) and electrolysis of water. Hydrogen production using SMR is currently much less expensive than water electrolysis. However, electrolytic production of hydrogen is an area of active research, and there is significant potential for reduced costs in the future. If demand for hydrogen to support CCU increases in the short term, it is likely that SMR coupled with carbon capture would be the lowest-cost option for meeting that short-term demand. Current examples of carbon capture technology paired with steam methane reforming include the Shell Quest project near Edmonton, Canada, an Air Products facility in Port Arthur, Texas, and the Tomakomai project in Hokkaido, Japan. Direct Hydrogenation Pathway Technology for direct hydrogenation—the process of adding hydrogen to CO2 without first converting it to a different compound—exists and has been commercial- ized for production of methane, methanol and other chemicals. Methanol (CH3OH) is an attractive product for CO2 utilization because commercial processes exist to convert methanol to gasoline and other chemicals that 12 Center for Climate and Energy SolutionsPDF Image | Carbon Utilization
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