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and gas companies and chemical manufacturers have substantial expertise incorporating new technologies into existing production. DOE could work with those industries to fund FEED studies to help determine how components of carbon utilization technologies could be incorporated into existing facilities, especially refineries and ammonia production facilities. Research, Development, Demonstration, & Deployment (RDD&D) Experts consulted for this report mentioned the importance reforming and enhancing federal R&D spending. The budget for U.S. Department of Energy’s Fossil Energy (DOE-FE) CO2 utilization program has been in the $10-12 million range in recent fiscal years, out of a total R&D budget of approximately $500 million per year. Suggestions included: • Increasing spending: Doubling or even tripling the relatively small current budget for utilization R&D (without robbing other FE R&D programs) would have an outsize impact on the rate of development. In October 2018, the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) released an evaluation of research agendas for each CCU sector. While NAS did not endorse a specific level of federal R&D spending, current spending levels simply won’t permit the realization of the research agendas evaluated. Expanded R&D investment also would be consistent with the goals of the multilateral Mission Innovation (MI) and would enable greater focus on the “priority research directions” identified by the MI Carbon Capture Challenge. • Applying federal R&D support to all phases of development and deployment: Current DOE-FE research dollars are directed mainly toward the Lab/Bench and Small Pilot phases (Technology Readiness Levels (TRL) 3-6, on the 1-9 TRL scale. Providing funding for later stage pilots was seen as important. Additional funding would also allow for follow-through on current projects to the commercialization stage. Getting beyond the “valley of death” (between pilot and full commercialization) is a challenge for any new product, but especially for CO2 utilization, where so many additional challenges are present. • Allowing the conversion of CO2 capture pilot projects to CO2 utilization pilots: CO2 capture pilot projects currently use a “catch and release” approach that simply vents the captured CO2 into the atmosphere. Moreover, capture project developers do not have any incentive to continue capturing or providing disposition for the related CO2 after their pilot projects are completed. Incentivizing the continued operation of pilots could provide the CO2 needed for new utilization projects at an appropriate scale. Federal R&D Legislation The DOE-FE R&D program still operates under its 2005 authorization, thus many of its current research objectives were barely envisioned by Congress when it was last considered. Certainly, the concept of beneficial use of captured carbon oxides in commercial products was in its infancy at that time. Separate bipartisan bills to rewrite the DOE-FE R&D authorization have been introduced in both houses of Congress in 2019. The House bill, known as the Fossil Energy Research and Development Act, would provide additional money and direction specifically to develop CCU technologies. It was introduced as H.R. 3607 by Reps. Marc Veasey (D-Texas) and David Schweikert (R-Ariz.) and includes House Science, Space and Technology Committee chair Eddie Bernice Johnson (D-Texas) as a cosponsor. In the Senate, the EFFECT Act (Enhancing Fossil Fuel Energy Carbon Technology, S. 1201) was introduced in May 2019 by Energy and Natural Resources Committee Ranking Member Joe Manchin (D-W.Va.), with committee chair Lisa Murkowski (R-Alaska) as primary cosponsor. The bill would support development of fossil emissions technology through all levels of development, including traditional R&D, large-scale pilot projects, demonstration projects, and FEED studies. Both the House and Senate R&D reauthorization bills have been approved by their respective committees and, at this writing, await floor action. Also, a key provision of the USE IT Act (Utilizing Significant Emissions with Innovative Technologies) would direct the U.S. EPA to initiate an R&D program for utilization of CO2 generated by industrial processes. Identical bills have been introduced in both the Senate and House in the 116th Congress (S. 383 and H.R. 1186). Federal R&D Coordination Finally, while total federal spending on all CCU activities is relatively small, it is also spread between many federal 18 Center for Climate and Energy SolutionsPDF Image | Carbon Utilization
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