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cial Disclosures (TCFD) in 2017.26 Consistent metrics al- lowing an apples-to-apples comparison between regular and low-carbon materials would help increase demand for these materials. Related to this, consumers have also demonstrated their interest in supporting companies and products with environmentally beneficial attributes and are accustomed to federal “green labeling” standards that can guide them on issues like energy efficiency. At the same time, the extent to which consumers are willing to pay a premium varies by product. Products like low- carbon cement, for example, may attract a premium price, while other low-carbon products like chemicals and polymers may only reach the consumer market indirectly through business-to-business transactions. Accurately measuring the carbon footprint for these products, however, can be useful as more large retailers are asking for this information from their supply chains. Industry Standards Updated and enhanced industry standards have the potential to promote the development and deployment of CCU technologies. For example, enhanced information about embodied carbon in infrastructure could play a role in encouraging the use of captured carbon. The University of Washington Carbon Leadership Forum is developing the open-source Embodied Carbon Construction Calculator (EC3) tool to help real-estate developers, architects, engineers, and the public better understand the carbon footprint of the built environment. Some Fortune 500 companies already have agreed to take a closer look at embodied carbon. For instance, Microsoft will be piloting the use of EC3 to develop its new campus in Redmond, Washington. Beyond pilot projects, there is an opportunity for tools like EC3 to be integrated into existing green building standards, such as the U.S. Green Building Council Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) standard and various International Standards Organization standards. Procurement Policies Federal and state governments are large purchasers of building materials for infrastructure and of fuel for government fleets of vehicles. Some state programs already prioritize the use of building materials and fuels with environmental attributes. For example, the “Buy Clean California” program requires state agencies to consider the emissions performance of suppliers of materials for infrastructure projects. The program applies to steel, mineral wool (insulation), and flat glass. Concrete is exempt, however, which may reduce the impact of the program. For fuels, policies that would require the use of a certain percentage of fuel derived from captured carbon could expand upon existing procurement policies that are focused on ethanol and biodiesel. Expanding these programs could create large markets for the re-use of captured carbon. Government agencies have the capacity to be “market makers” based on their own buying patterns. Thus, the establishment of federal, state, and local procurement standards requiring incrementally increasing use of low-carbon fuels, concrete and aggregate would both ensure a growing demand for these products and spur investment in their development. SECTORAL POLICY ISSUES While taking action on the above issues could provide a boost to all recycled carbon based products, it is important to consider sector-specific challenges as well. Construction Materials While the buildings sector has made significant progress reducing its carbon footprint through energy efficiency, the carbon footprint of the steel, concrete, and other materials used to construct the built environment should be a focus for policy. Utilization of CO2 in the production of construction materials like cement and aggregate has relatively low technological barriers. However, these products must be commercially competitive in markets that are characterized as being both low-margin, and highly standardized by widely adopted technical specifications and building codes. Despite the proven qualities of low-CO2 building materials, those specifications and codes may or may not currently allow their use in many construction applications. This has led developers of low-carbon construction materials to focus initially on markets for pavers and other products that are covered by fewer performance standards than structural materials. The low-carbon construction materials market could grow rapidly in response to building codes that are performance-based and are updated to expressly encourage greater use of these materials while ensuring that they meet both quality and safety requirements. 20 Center for Climate and Energy SolutionsPDF Image | Carbon Utilization
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