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Research: Tropical Songbird Habitat Affects Survival A UM professor who studies birds around the world has discovered trends in how the offspring grow, how parents care for the young and how well the young survive based on where they live. Now, his songbird research hit the right notes with the journal Science. Thomas Martin, assistant leader of the U.S. Geological Survey Montana Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit at UM, set out to explain why tropical birds tend to have fewer offspring that seem to grow slower and live longer, slower lives than their northern counterparts. He found tropical songbirds grow their wings faster, aided by higher parental feeding rates for fewer offspring than temperate species. Those differences, Martin says, ultimately translate to how well the offspring escape predators both in the nest and after they leave it. Martin’s article, “Age-Related Mortality Explains Life History Strategies of Tropical and Temperate Songbirds,” was published this past summer. Martin, together with students and assistants, studied growth and nest predation of 20 to 30 coexisting songbird species in Venezuela from 2002 to 2008 and Malaysia from 2009 to 2014. They also studied songbird nests in Arizona for the past 28 years. The tropical songbirds typically only raise two young while temperate species commonly raise four or more. But tropical offspring may be more likely to survive. Offspring of tropical species were thought to grow slower than those living in the Northern Hemisphere. That slower growth suggests offspring spend more time in the nest and, therefore, are at greater risk of being killed by predators. Tropical songbirds’ nest predation risks are equal to, if not higher than, temperate birds, so biologists would expect them to grow as fast as temperate birds, rather than slower. Martin discovered that nestling bodies actually were similar in size when considered over the entire growth period, but tropical birds’ wings grow faster. Martin says the paradoxical system can be explained by their greater parent-to-offspring ratio, which allows parents to provide each offspring more nutrition to aid growth. “Provisioning, parental investment and mortality are all related,” Martin says. “A later, faster growth spurt of tropical songbirds, together with higher parental effort invested per offspring, aids wing growth and flight capabilities after the young birds leave the nest.” Therefore, the tropical young are more likely to survive. “That previously unrecognized faster growth of wings among tropical species aids in escape from predators after young leave the nest,” Martin says. Because of their lower adult mortality rates, tropical birds are able to reduce their clutch size. By doing so, they can invest more time and energy into providing food to each individual offspring. Temperate birds experience a higher adult mortality rate, especially during winter months and migration. They produce more young at the expense of a lower investment per offspring. Martin says by showing the mortality risk to which different species are subjected to at different life stages, scientists can begin to see the balance of traits favored by evolution. The study was funded by the National Science Foundation and the Ecosystems Mission Area of the USGS. UM Science Reveals Earliest Jurassic Corals Five times in Earth’s history, mass extinction events wiped out up to 90 percent of global life. UM doctoral student Montana Hodges and geosciences Professor George Stanley recently found the fossil record of the earliest North American coral species that reappeared after the Triassic- Jurassic mass extinction event. Their findings were published in the October issue of GSA Today: A Publication of the Geological Society of America. Hodges and Stanley study the collapse and recovery of coral reefs. Corals are particularly hard-hit by subtle changes in ocean temperature and acidity. About 200 million years ago, corals and reefs completely collapsed. During this particular extinction event, researchers have found no evidence of asteroid impact or other catastrophic events. Instead, the geologic and paleontological records point to massive global climate change. “We believe the warming climate was due to a combination effect from supercontinent Pangaea breaking apart, changes in sea level and massive amounts of gas spewing into the atmosphere from cracks in the Earth’s crust,” Hodges says. After that mass extinction event, it took coral reefs more than 20 million years to completely recover. In the dusty, high desert of central Nevada, the team discovered the earliest North American Jurassic corals. New York Canyon, Nevada, is swathed with sedimentary rocks that during the Jurassic period represented the west coast of North America. By studying the unique corals found there, Hodges and Stanley aim to contribute a better understanding of survival and recovery. “Our study may lend valuable information to understanding the peril of coral reefs today,” Hodges says. Vision 2016 6 QUiCK LooKs Photo by Thomas MartinPDF Image | Carbon Vision 2016
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