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discussion assumes direct compression/expansion of the flue gas. The overall scheme is to compress and cool the gas to a sufficient pressure that its subsequent expansion through a turbine brings the gas near the frost point. The gas then further expands, typically through an expansion valve (turbines generally have low tolerance for condensation), until it reaches a temperature and pressure shown for a given fractional capture in Figure 8. In an externally cooled implementation, the second stage is accomplished in a heat exchanger rather than by expansion. A critical design parameter is the maximum pressure required to reach a condition along the curve representing the desired removal efficiency starting from a near room temperature initial condition. A broader range of conditions, applicable to natural gas, biomass, fluid bed, stoker, and other technologies that generate generally lower CO2 concentrations that the typical pulverized-coal conditions described earlier appear in Figure 9. At least two important trends appear in this figure. First, while it is evident that required temperatures to achieve increasingly lower temperatures, as would be expected. However, capture efficiencies in excess of 90% or even 99% are easily within range of achievable cooling. In addition, flue gases with low CO2 concentrations lend themselves to treatment by this technology with relatively modest increases in cooling. 100 98 96 94 92 90 88 86 -160 -150 -140 -130 -120 Temperature (°C) Flue Gas Composition 14% CO2 dry basis 10% CO2 dry basis 5% CO2 dry basis 1% CO2 dry basis Figure 9 Capture efficiencies as a function of temperature and initial flue gas composition. Figure 8 provides some indication of the advantages of this process over air separation and oxyfiring. Traditional air separation units require much more cooling, for example to temperatures between - 196 °C and -183 °C at 1 atm (50 to 60 °C cooler than the proposed process). Additionally, a series of two or three distillation columns revaporize and recondense the gases several times each, and the product CO2 must be recompressed as a gas. All three of these considerations greatly increase the energy requirements for the system. Capture Efficiency (%)PDF Image | CC Pittsburgh Coal Conference
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