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EXTRACTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE FROM SEAWATER BY AN ELECTROCHEMICAL ACIDIFICATION CELL PART I—INITIAL FEASIBILITY STUDIES 1.0 BACKGROUND The feasibility of producing jet fuel at sea to support carrier flight operations is of interest. In- theater, synthetic fuel production is a “game changing” proposition that will offer the Navy significant logistical and operational advantages by reducing dependence on increasingly expensive fossil fuels and by reducing fuel logistic tails and their vulnerabilities resulting from unprotected fuel delivery at sea. The Navy has proposed moving to a common fuel JP5, throughout its operations [1]. However this has proven to be impractical due to the increase cost of the fuel and its limited availability. If the Navy does move to a single fuel this would simplify any future shipboard production of fuel. In addition, a ship’s ability to produce any significant fraction of the battle group’s fuel for operations would increase the Navy’s operational flexibility and time on station by reducing the mean time between refueling. Technologies currently exist to synthesize hydrocarbon fuel on land, given sufficient primary energy resources such as coal [2]. However, these technologies are not CO2 neutral, and they are not practical for sea-based operation. Extracting carbon dioxide from seawater is part of a larger project to create liquid hydrocarbon fuel at sea [3-10]. CO2 as a carbon feedstock could be catalytically reacted with hydrogen to form diesel and/or jet fuel. The hydrogen could be produced through commercial off the shelf conventional electrolysis equipment, and the electrical energy for this process would be derived through nuclear power or Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) [11-12]. This synthetic fuel production process could provide an alternative energy source to fossil fuels that would be directly intended to benefit the U.S. Navy. In 2008 the U.S. Navy’s fuel procurement cost (purchase and delivery) was in excess of $5 billion [13]. Since this synthetic fuel process is intended for use by the U.S. Navy this process is envisioned as being performed on a sea-based platform. 2.0 INTRODUCTION Practical, efficient, and economical methods of extracting large quantities of CO2 from seawater must be developed before a sea-based synthetic fuel process that combines hydrogen produced by nuclear power or solar OTEC with CO2 to make jet fuel can be envisioned [3-10]. The ocean’s pH is kept relatively constant at approximately 7.8 by a complex carbonate buffer system. The equations below are the chemistry (eq. 1-5), charge balance (eq. 6), mass balance (eq. 7) and equilibrium equations (eq. 8-11) involved: Chemistry: _______________ Manuscript approved April 28, 2010. CO2 (g) CO2 (aq) (1) CO2 (aq) + H2O H2CO3 (aq) (2) H2CO3 (aq) H+ + HCO3- (aq) (3) 1PDF Image | CO2 from Seawater
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