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The major components of an acidification cell include a central ion exchange (IX) compartment, electrode compartments (cathode and anode) and cation-permeable membranes which separate the three compartments. A cation-permeable membrane is a cross-linked polymer backbone with sulfonic acid groups attached to it. The acid functionality provides discrete channels for cations to migrate through the polymer matrix while blocking the passage of anions. Figure 2 shows a typical three compartment cell configuration. Two different types of ion exchange media, strong cation exchange resin (IRA-120) from Rohm & Haas and inert ceramic particles, were tested in the IX compartment to evaluate and determine its effects on the exchange of Na+ for H+ ions in the cell. This will be significant in the overall efficiency of the cell. These media also served as a support structure for the membranes. In addition Figure 2 shows that the electrode compartments contained strong cation exchange resin (IRA-120). The acidification cell in Figure 2 uses small quantities of electricity to exchange sodium ions for hydrogen ions in a central stream that is flowing adjacent to two cation exchange membranes. Seawater is passed through the center compartment of the three compartment cell. Sodium ions are transferred through the membrane closest to the cathode and removed from the seawater by means of direct current (DC) voltage. These sodium ions are replaced by hydrogen ions as the current drives the ions through the membrane closest to the anode to acidify the seawater. In the cell, the anolyte is the water fed to the anode compartment. At the anode H+ is generated and it must migrate from the surface of the anode, through the cation-permeable membrane, and into the IX compartment where it can replace Na+. Therefore the anolyte must be as diluted as possible such that H+ are in excess and do not compete with any other cations. Water with a conductivity of less than 20 μS/cm, such as reverse osmosis (RO) permeate, is required. In this evaluation, deionized water was used as the anolyte, so the effect of RO permeate as a catholyte cannot be evaluated during this feasibility test. The catholyte is the water fed to the cathode compartment and it must be free from hardness ions calcium (Ca+2) and magnesium (Mg+2). The pH in the cathode compartment is high enough to precipitate these hardness ions. Therefore, a total hardness concentration of less than 50 ppm, such as RO permeate, is required. In this evaluation, deionized water will be used as the catholyte, so the effect of RO permeate cannot be evaluated during this feasibility test. In this test series two different acidification cells were evaluated; Nalco and Ionpure. Tables 1 and 2 provide a detailed description of each cell’s electrical and flow rate specifications along with the materials used in the cell configurations. The anode used in the Nalco cell is a dimensionally stable anode (DSA) (mixed precious metal oxide coating on titanium), where the Ionpure cell uses a platinum plated titanium anode. This feasibility test will determine the flow rate to current ratio required to lower seawater pH to a target level. This information will be useful for the future design of an acidification cell, since electrode performance and operating life is based on current density (mA cm-2). In addition to having different anode materials, each cell contains a different type of cation-permeable membrane. The Nalco cell contains Sybron’s MC-3470 reinforced/casted cation permeable membrane, while the Ionpure cell contains a 5PDF Image | CO2 from Seawater
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