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dioxide was readily removed from seawater at pHs of less than 6.0. Unassisted and near complete degassing was observed in seawater samples of pH of 5.0 and less. Assisted degassing by vacuum was required in seawater samples at pHs of greater than 5.0. The relationship between seawater bicarbonate concentration, applied current, and seawater pH followed theory with the Key West seawater. The experimental set-up did not allow for recoveries of greater than 95%. It is important to know the upper limit since resources (space and energy) are required to produce a dilute water stream for the electrode compartments. In addition to carbon dioxide, the cell produced a portion of the hydrogen needed for a hydrocarbon synthesis process with no additional energy penalty. The production of hydrogen gas at the cathode as a byproduct occurred at a predictable rate based on the applied current. Thus the applied current to the cell can be increased to generate more hydrogen gas with no negative performance or operation effects on the acidification cell. The acidification cell’s ability to produce a portion of the hydrogen need for the synthesis process would reduce the operational footprint of the whole process, thus making the technology more feasible for a sea- based application. 7.0 RECOMMENDATIONS An electrochemical acidification cell has been developed, tested, and found to be practical for recovering large amounts of CO2 from seawater for use as a carbon feedstock in sea-based fuel production process. It is recommended that this technology be transitioned from the laboratory to a littoral environment where carbon dioxide and hydrogen can be produced in quantities far above those achieved at the laboratory scale. There are many challenges to scaling this technology, including design, ion exchange material regeneration, process efficiency, water fouling, hardness scaling on the cathode, and power requirements that can be assessed and addressed in these future larger scale tests. 8.0 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by the Office of Naval Research both directly and through the Naval Research Laboratory. 9.0 REFERENCES [1] “Single Naval Fuel at Sea Feasibility Study – Phase One” NAVAIRSYSCOM Report 445/02-004, October 25, 2002. [2] Davis, B. H. Topics in Catalysis 2005, 32, 143-168. [3] Hardy, D. H. Zagrobelny, M.; Willauer, H. D.; Williams, F. W. Extraction of Carbon Dioxide From Seawater by Ion Exchange Resin Part I: Using a Strong Acid Cation Exchange Resin; Memorandum Report 6180-07-9044; Naval Research Laboratory: Washington DC, April 20, 2007. [4] Willauer, H. D.; Hardy, D. R.; Lewis, M. K.; Ndubizu, E. C.; Williams, F. W. Recovery of CO2 from Aqueous Bicarbonate Using a Gas Permeable Membrane. Energy & Fuels, 2009, 23, 1770- 1774. 19PDF Image | CO2 from Seawater
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