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NASA Engages with Emerging Space: Enabling Commercial Crew and Cargo Commercial companies developing vehicles under commercial cargo or commercial crew contracts with NASA include (top to bottom) SpaceX for its Dragon vehicle, Orbital Sciences Corporation for the Cygnus, Boeing for the CST-100, and Sierra Nevada Corporation (SNC) for Dream Chaser. NASA has initiated several innovative new programs that partner with commercial firms to reduce the cost of transportation to and from orbit and help foster a commercial market for space transportation independent of NASA activities. The Commercial Crew and Cargo Program purchases flight services to the ISS, a departure from the previous model of NASA owning and operating its own vehicles. NASA is currently working with Orbital Sciences Corp. and SpaceX to carry cargo and experiments to and from the ISS. To date, NASA has invested over $5.7 billion in commercial partners located throughout the United States as part of the agency's commitment to develop the nation's emerging space industries (see Table 1). A 2011 NASA study showed that NASA's decision to stimulate the development of commercial capabilities instead of using a traditional cost-based contract to develop similar capabilities resulted in significant savings for NASA.2 Not only did NASA save a significant amount of money, but the United States now has a commercial launch vehicle that is competing with Europe and Russia for commercial telecommunication launches. By the beginning of 2014, SpaceX had completed two cargo flights to the ISS and had a backlog of 28 missions for non-NASA customers. In addition to financial investments, the program also helps its commercial partners by sharing the knowledge NASA has matured through over 50 years of space flight. NASA has received nearly 1,000 requests for documents, drawings, test plans, and test results from its commercial crew partners (see Figure 1). More than half of these requests concern information regarding the Space Shuttle, but requests also include data from Apollo. NASA's partners use these data products to accelerate their crew transportation system development efforts. These agreements allow NASA's partners to access unique expertise, goods, and services without incurring extra costs to NASA. Because all space activity requires transportation to space, NASA’s Commercial Crew and Cargo Program is the critical enabler for further American space economic development—the equivalent to roads, railroads, canals, and other national investments that expanded our frontiers. Through competition, NASA is encouraging development of commercial crew and cargo access to low Earth orbit and beyond 7PDF Image | Emerging Space
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