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Crowdfunding Crowdfunding is a method for individual citizens to pool their resources, usually via the Internet, to support efforts initiated by other people or organizations. Crowdfunding campaigns can finance any type of effort, from startup companies, to movies, and disaster relief and a number of groups are using it to fund private-sector space projects too. Crowdfunding offers space organizations avenues for fundraising outside traditional institutional methods. Sites like Kickstarter.com, Rockethub.com, and Indiegogo.com allow space companies to tap the financial resources of private citizens interested in space exploration. In addition to providing crucial funds for the companies, crowd funding allows citizens to directly engage in space exploration by funding the projects that interest them. The number of these projects continues to grow. Table 4 provides a few prominent examples known at the time of printing. ISEE-3, a NASA probe launched in 1978, became the first spacecraft in deep space to be operated by a private-sector organization thanks in part to a crowd funding campaign. Year Company Description Funding Funding Backers Platform Goal Raised 2011 KickSat 2012 ArduSat 2012 Uwingu 2012 STAR Systems 2012 LiftPort Group 2012 Hyper-V Aerospace 2013 Industries Association Lunar Orbiter Image 2013 Recovery Project 2013 Planetary Resources 2014 Skycorp/SpaceRef/ Space College Develop spacecraft the size of two postage stamps Launch the ArduSat (Arduino satellite) and allow the public to design and run space-based applications, games, and experiments and take pictures on demand Help create “The Uwingu Fund” for space research and education Develop a full-size rocket motor for the Hermes spacecraft Space elevator research and demonstration Demonstrate a prototype electric pulsed plasma jet thruster Run a 30 second trailer about the space program before the new Star Trek movie Identify changes in the lunar surface over time using photos from NASA’s Lunar Orbiter program Development and launch of an asteroid-hunting telescope by 2015 Regaining control of ISEE-3, which NASA launched in 1978 $30,000 $35,000 $75,000 $20,000 $8,000 $69,000 $33,000 $75,000 $1M $125K ~$75,000 $103,330 ~$80,000 $20,843 > $110,000 ~$73,000 > $50,000 $62,585 $1.5M $160K > 300 676 > 800 > 300 3,468 1,101 > 1,600 549 17,614 2,238 Kickstarter Kickstarter Indiegogo Kickstarter Kickstarter Kickstarter Indiegogo Rockethub Kickstarter RocketHub Table 4. Thousands of people have directly contributed to developing space projects by donating funds. 30PDF Image | Emerging Space
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