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Energies 2021, 14, 387 16 of 32 offshore), geographical regions, which influence labour, and the right to travel under or over private land (Right-Of-Way cost (ROW)), assumption (e.g., lifetime, capacity factor), material (e.g., steel, coating, insulation), incorporated costs (e.g., initial pressure). The transport cost model developed by the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) [42] estimates the cost of transporting dense phase CO2 using a single point-to-point pipeline. The model has a level of accuracy between +50/−30%, and the analysis includes: • Capital costs: Purchasing and installing the pipeline, surge tank, control system, and booster pump. • Operation and Maintenance costs: For pipe, pump, and electricity to power pumps. The costs of the material and installation of the pipeline depending on the diameter and length of the pipe. The diameter is a function of CO2 mass flow rate, pressure losses due to elevation difference and rugosity of the material, and the number of boost pumps. The CO2 stream is assumed to be pure for the sake of simplicity. Every segment of the pipeline is divided by pump stations and has the same length, inlet pressures equal to the initial inlet pressure, and outlet pressures identical to the end outlet pressure for each segment, while in the case of elevation difference, all the branches of the pipeline have the same variation. In this way, each pipe has the same pressure loss and elevation changes. 1. 2. 3. The transport cost model provides three methods for inner diameter calculation: McCollum and Ogden. Heddle et al. and MIT. McCoy and Rubin. As a result, the inner diameter obtained in the three methods is rounded up to the near-standard diameter. The transport cost model computes the capital cost, which is incurred only during the project construction years, and operating cost, which is incurred during the project operation years. Detailed construction costs for CO2 pipelines are not available, and for this reason the capital cost model is based on the natural gas pipeline data set, and the numbers provided are assumed as the as-built-cost. The capital cost of the pipeline can be divided into four categories: (i) materials: pipe, coating and cathodic protection; (ii) labour costs; (iii) ROW and damage; and (iv) miscellaneous: engineering costs, supervision, contingen- cies, telecommunication equipment, taxes, administration and overheads, and regulatory filing fees. Three equations provided by Parker [43], McCoy and Rubin [44], and Rui et al. [45] are taken into consideration to compute the capital cost of the pipeline, Finding these values, the model changes them to CO2 pipeline costs through several different coefficients, depending on the equation chosen. The following Table 5 summarises the main input parameter used in the analysis. Figure 10a demonstrates that the method used to calculate the inside diameter of the pipeline did not affect the final result. In contrast, the three methods utilized to compute firstly the capital cost of the natural gas pipeline and then the CO2 pipeline, illustrated in Figure 10b, give significantly different results. The Parker equation always gives the highest cost compared to the others, while the estimation cost of CO2 transportation using the Rubin method is lower. Rui and Rubin’s methods show a slightly decreasing trend with the increasing length of the pipeline; on the contrary, the Parker method does not describe cost reduction as the length of the pipe goes up. The analysis was obtained through an iterative calculation of the inner diameter, pressure drops, and several other parameters. The transportation cost also includes the optimal number of pumps used to avoid CO2 phase change.PDF Image | Energies 14
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