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Future Internet 2021, 13, 61 7 of 13 option, since all of those TLS sidecar containers could be identical, but it drives up the number of containers and costs (requirement #8) and results in twice as many containers to manage and monitor (affecting requirement #6). Putting the TLS endpoint on the proxies is a better option. This is a function that many proxies can perform, and there are far fewer proxies to manage for each competition. A better option is the last option— putting the endpoint on the Application Gateway. This leaves only one place to put the certificate—making container instantiation simpler, and it only needs to be done once. It lessens the amount of processing done on containers and the proxies, reducing cost (requirement #8). We selected this option, which also is a standard Cloud design pattern: gateway offloading [39]. 2.5.6. Logging and Monitoring Putting each team in a notebook in a container enabled us to use Cloud Native monitoring functions available from our Cloud Service Provider. In particular, the provider has services that check for inappropriate uses of the compute facilities we provide, such as looking for crypto-mining. The provider also has centralized logging repositories to which we can send operational data, providing a single place to look for anomalies and investigate incidents. These are services not unique to our provider—other Cloud Service Providers have these two capabilities. We chose to utilize both. 2.5.7. Instantiating Team Environment Before a new team receives their notebook, there needs to some way of instantiating the environment for each team. Scripts need to be run that build the individual com- ponents for a team—the notebook container, the private DNS entries, and firewall rules. Teams would be notified and received the authorization token after their infrastructure is ready. Instantiating a new notebook for a new team happens sporadically. The main design question becomes where to run the scripts. The following options were available: 1. 2. 3. Run the instantiation scripts on XPRIZE portal. Create a dedicated VM or container to run the scripts. Define a function to run the scripts and launch it in the Cloud (serverless). While option #1 is certainly possible and some processing must be done on the portal to provide the token, running the entire instantiation process ties up resources there and makes it a potential performance bottleneck and single point of failure. Option #2 of creating a whole VM or container is viable, but creating a new one every time a note- book must be instantiated will take time and cost money, while having one ready to process notebook instantiation requests leaves dedicated resources idle. We choose option #3, creating a function that instantiates that notebook and informs the team when it is ready. The requirements fit in well with the serverless design pattern for Asynchronous, Event-Driven processing [40]. We took advantage of serverless computing options offered by our Cloud Service Provider to implement this. 2.6. Architecture and Component Layout Figure 3, which is derived from our implementation, shows the overall architecture of a single Data Collaborative competition, showing the placement of the components we designed. Each team’s notebook shares the same public IP address, which is an address on an application gateway. The gateway has multiple functions, such as load balancing traffic to the proxy servers, running a Web Application Firewall, and being a TLS endpoint.PDF Image | Future Internet
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