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Future Internet 2021, 13, 61 11 of 13 of requirement #4 is really needed, and whether we can use a more centralized approach using JupyterHub to simplify much of the architecture and operation. 5. Conclusions The answers to our research question show that now, Cloud Native Applications can justify the use multiple Cloud technologies, ranging from virtual machines to containers to serverless computing. The COVID-19 pandemic prioritized getting a working version running above other concerns such as cost or performance. One observation relevant to our last research questions is that Cloud Services evolve very quickly, which has implications for future work described next. 5.1. Future Work We had put our proxies into VMs to expedite getting the Data Collaborative running but having to log into them to configure them, and to look at logs makes VMs unwieldy to work with. The proxy configuration and logging need to be automated, and the proxies need to be put into a container for easier deployment into contests and for maintenance. In the longer run, we are looking to see if the functionality of the proxies can be absorbed into Cloud infrastructure. We have observed that even in the short time span of this project, native Cloud infrastructure capabilities have started catching up to proxy func- tionality. In Section 3.3.2, we talked about the non-requirements of performance, low cost, and avoiding service provider lock-in. In the long run, those areas will need to be revisited. 5.2. Implications for Cloud Native Application Development Much of the Cloud design pattern literature focuses on certain areas of Cloud technol- ogy, such as microservices/containers [17,19,20], serverless computing [21–23], or Software Defined Infrastructure [24]. Our experiences show that a Cloud Native Application can use any or all of these technologies, and even older Cloud technologies such as Virtual Machines. Design patterns need to be more inclusive and prescriptive about how and when to use them, as multiple technologies can apply in a single application implementation. Our experiences with DNS and other issues with application and the file system state should warn developers deploying in the Cloud that maintaining state in a container is a bad idea. As shown with DNS, state problems can occur in subtle and unexpected ways. Tools to find and debug such problems would be very useful. Dealing with service provider lock-in [44,45] was not a priority. Tools for reducing vendor lock-in need to be simple to use and standardized for them to be used. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, M.C.; Data curation, M.C.; Funding acquisition, M.C.; Investigation, M.C., J.B., B.R. and J.S.; Methodology, J.B. and B.R.; Project administration, M.C.; Resources, M.C.; Software, M.C., J.B., B.R. and J.S.; Supervision, M.C.; Writing—original draft, J.S.; Writing—review & editing, M.C., J.B., B.R. and J.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research received no external funding. Data Availability Statement: No Applicable, the study does not report any data. Acknowledgments: We would like to thank Felix Labunsky of Microsoft for reviewing our architec- ture and providing some guidance. We would also like to thank Dan Gutwein of Intel for helping to drive this project. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.PDF Image | Future Internet
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