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Carbon Dioxide Removal Social sciences and governance Socio-economic research has largely focused on two approaches: bioenergy with carbon capture and stor- age and, to a more limited extent, afforestation and reforestation. This has been supplemented by solicita- tion of views from public and expert groups. Researchers highlight the need for further investiga- tions into land-use constraints and other repercus- sions for crop production, food pricing, and land man- agement and ownership. Other open questions concern the possibility that the promise of carbon dioxide removal could delay or impede immediate and comprehensive mitigation efforts by reducing incen- tives to switch to renewable energy sources. Research in the social sciences on direct air capture or marine-based approaches like enhanced weathering is almost non-existent, with assessments generally lim- ited to calculations of costs, energy demand, and tech- nical feasibility. An exception is ocean iron fertilisa- tion, which has received attention due to 13 scientific field experiments conducted in the 1990s and 2000s, as well as high-profile campaigning and attempted demonstrations in ocean waters by private companies hoping to use ocean iron fertilisation towards earning carbon credits. Besides this, most other social science research has been conducted in the form of case stud- ies that explore more general issues in relation to the development of controversial technologies rather than contemplating the concrete application of car- bon dioxide removal technologies. Future research fields Further exploration of the environmental and eco- nomic implications of deployment is likely to draw on earth systems models, impacts and integrated assess- ment models, and calculations of investment and infrastructural needs. This will need to be comple- mented by critical assessments of the assumptions Figure 1: Climate engin- eering measures can be divided into two groups: those intended to remove atmospheric carbon dioxide and those intended to alter the Earth’s solar radia- tion balance. © IASS 3_ IASS Fact Sheet 1/2017 CLIMATE ENGINEERING MEASURES UNDER DISCUSSION 3 2 1 5 4 6 7 8 9 12345 Marine cloud Cirrus cloud thinning Reflective aerosol Ocean fertilisation Enhanced weathering brightening particles 6789 Large-scale Biochar production Bioenergy with carbon capture Direct chemical capture and storage and storage of CO2 Altering the Earth's radiation balance Removing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmospherePDF Image | IASS Factsheet
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