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Carbon Dioxide Removal underlying model calculations of large-scale deploy- ment from the perspectives of the different stakehold- ers that would be affected by each approach. Com- paratively more advanced debates on carbon capture and storage, biofuels, and forest carbon projects can also be examined as analogies for many carbon diox- ide removal technologies, especially in light of over- laps in technological approaches, risk profiles, and relevant stakeholders. Are the proposals technically and politically feasible? While numerous technologies for removing carbon dioxide have been proposed, it is at present unclear whether any individual technology or set of technolo- gies could be deployed on the scale and within the timeframe that is implicitly assumed in scenarios consistent with the 2 ° C limit. Even if this were pos- sible in principle, the costs – both operational and societal – and the possible risks and benefits beyond climate stabilisation are uncertain. There is, however, a broad scientific consensus that while carbon diox- ide removal may complement mitigation efforts, none of the technologies can substitute for them or obviate the need for some adaptation to climate change. How could carbon dioxide removal be governed? The large-scale deployment of measures that alter biological processes to remove additional atmos- pheric carbon dioxide, such as afforestation, ocean fertilisation, or growing biomass for bioenergy with carbon capture and storage is likely to alter local and regional ecosystems. This may have complex effects on human and state security, water availability, food production, biodiversity, and energy. Approaches that are not based on biological processes, such as direct air capture and storage, are expected to have their own governance challenges related in particular to their expected high energy requirements and ele- vated cost. Although in many cases the governance of carbon dioxide removal activities is likely to fall under national regulatory frameworks, some large- scale approaches may have transboundary effects and could therefore require forms of internationally coor- dinated governance. In addition, incentivising the effective large-scale deployment of all carbon dioxide removal technologies would probably require the establishment of an international price on carbon. There are already growing calls for coordinated national and international governance frameworks for research into the associated risks and benefits of the suite of carbon dioxide removal technologies. Such governance could not only ensure that research is conducted safely and transparently, but also help to mobilise the necessary funding for applied research and testing and point science towards policy-relevant research. Ocean fertilisation has served as an entry point for analyses of international governance. The London Convention and Protocol on Marine Pollution pro- hibits ocean fertilisation for reasons other than “legit- imate” scientific research and provides assessment frameworks for such activities. Although these devel- opments are currently relevant only to marine envi- ronment-based approaches, the possibility of them serving as templates for the international governance of a wider raft of technologies has been raised. Several initiatives are currently examining governance options for research into, and the potential deployment of, a variety of climate engineering approaches. These range from the development of broad guiding princi- ples and more specific codes of conduct to assessments of how existing international and national regulatory mechanisms could apply to research and deployment. However, most efforts in this area have been focussed on solar radiation management, and very little analysis of governance for individual carbon dioxide removal technologies has been carried out to date. What role could carbon dioxide removal play in achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement? Recent assessments conclude that a combination of the different carbon dioxide removal technologies could make it possible to stay within the 2 ° C limit, assuming that large emissions cuts are made at the same time. However, this is at the upper end of what most esti- mates consider feasible and depends on overcoming numerous challenges, including: technology develop- ment, upscaling, infrastructure construction, resource extraction and availability, carbon or carbon dioxide storage site identification and total capacity, earth sys- tem and environmental side effects, economic costs, competition for resources such as biomass for fuel and food production, public acceptance, and international cooperation on implementation and governance. 4_IASS Fact Sheet 1/2017PDF Image | IASS Factsheet
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