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HELP WANTED 38 Figure 12. Learning Curve for Solar Photovoltaic Systems 80 60 40 20 1977: > $75/W Founding of NREL PURPA legislation passed 2013: < $0.75/W German FIT incentives launched, U.S. ITC begins, and China invests in PV Bringing down costs for solar PV took several decades as well as several landmark pieces of policy support, as mapped on a timeline in the graphic above. Adapted from Bloomberg New Energy Finance.30 EXISTING SUPPORT Existing market forces alone are unlikely to stimulate the swift development of carbon re- moval solutions. Markets that offer opportunities for the utilization of CO2 (including enhanced oil recovery and the manufacturing of materials such as cements and plastics) are highly competitive, and thus CO2 sourced from the atmosphere struggles to compete on cost with CO2 sourced from fossil fuels or naturally occurring geologic sources. In addition, in markets that do regulate CO2 emis- sions, prices are often too low to encourage the de- velopment of carbon removal solutions (Figure 13). Even if prices in these markets increased, in most cases there are not protocols or offset standards that let carbon removal solutions participate in carbon pricing schemes. For example, solutions like biochar do not have approved protocols to access California’s cap-and-trade regime,31 and bioenergy with CCS projects cannot get credit for negative emissions in the EU Emissions Trading Scheme.32 Nevertheless, climate change technologies can prosper without high carbon prices. For exam- ple, California’s Cap-and-Trade program has been responsible for only marginal amounts of clean energy deployments in comparison to other forms of support. Cost of solar PV panels ( in $/W) 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010PDF Image | Philanthropy Final Report
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