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Elon Musk and SpaceX Steven Muegge and Ewan Reid Limitations of this research include the single-case research design, use of a single narrative source for identifying emancipatory events (Vance, 2015), and exclusive reliance on text sources (i.e., no primary interviews or direct observation). We attempted to address the threats to validity and reliability resulting from these limitations by employing the best practices recommended in the case method literature (Yin, 2014; Eisenhardt et al. 2016), and developing additional cases about other entrepreneurs (Reid, 2018a; Muegge & Reid, 2018) for cross-case comparisons (Eisenhardt, 1989; Yin, 2014). Nonetheless, coding additional sources about Musk and SpaceX could reveal more examples. Future research should develop more cases of entrepreneurs in the space industry to more fully describe this sector and to enable cross-case comparison within the industry, develop more cases in other sectors to enable cross- case comparison between industries, and examine more variables to understand how emancipation relates to other management constructs, and to high-impact research questions about entrepreneurship, innovation, competitive advantage, and benefits to stakeholders. Conclusion This article has employed the emancipation perspective on entrepreneuring (Rindova et al. 2009) to examine the case of Elon Musk and SpaceX, a “Silicon Valley space company” at the centre of profound change underway in an industry that was once the exclusive domain of government, military contractors, and incumbent aerospace companies. Our work adds to the corpus of descriptive case studies that examine entrepreneuring as an emancipatory process, and demonstrates the application of emancipation as a unifying perspective on entrepreneurship and innovation anchored around change creation. As an entrepreneur, Musk is an outlier in multiple respects. Nonetheless, we showed that the emancipation perspective accommodated our case results within its framework: seeking autonomy as an impetus for entrepreneurship, authoring to enact change, and making declarations about change-creating intent. We also demonstrated the capability for emancipation to enfold other perspectives from the entrepreneurship literature, such as bricolage and effectuation as partial explanations for authoring events, and both wealth-creation and liberation from established social order as possible forms of change- creating intent. We agree with the Jennings et al. (2016) assertion that the emancipation perspective has much potential for new knowledge production and fresh insights in a wide range of management contexts. We argue in conclusion that our results support broad scope conditions for the emancipation perspective that includes the most-advanced technologies, most- developed economies, and most-advantaged entrepreneurs, as well as developing economies and individuals most in need of liberation. Further Reading A previous version of this article was presented at the ISPIM Connects Ottawa conference (April 7-10, Ottawa, Canada), and published in the conference proceedings (Muegge & Reid, 2019). This is the second in a series of case studies examining the activities of NewSpace entrepreneurs using the emancipation perspective on entrepreneuring. Results from our case study of Sir Richard Branson and Virgin Galactic were previously presented at the 2018 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET ‘18, August 19-23, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA), and published in the conference proceedings (Muegge & Reid, 2018). Ewan Reid’s Master of Applied Science Thesis (Reid, 2018a) is available online through the Carleton University open access repository (CURVE): https://curve.carleton.caPDF Image | TIM Review 2019
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