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A major breakthrough was reaching the critical thermal balance in which the C2CNT process requires no external heating even though it's a high temperature molten salt process. The lessons learned from the new technology of thermal energy storage using molten inorganic salts to store energy for concentrator solar powered towers where applied here. Molten salt thermal storage references include (i) Preito et al,, Solar Energy, 135, 518-526 (2016), (ii) Rodriguez et al., Appl. Thermal Eng., 63, 50-528 (2014), (iii) Peng et al., J. Thermal Therm. Anal. Calorim., 115, 1767- 17777 (2014), Jonemann, Advanced Thermal Storage System, NREL subcontract report NREL?SR-5200-58595 (2013), (v) Sabharwall et al, Idaho National Lab., contract DE-AC07-05ID14517 (2010), (vi) Gabbrielli and Zampelli, J. Solar Energy Eng., 131, 041001 (2009), The C2CNT process must first be preheated to the molten state. Subsequent to this the dissolution of carbon dioxide is high exothermic and generates heat. In addition, the electrolysis over-potential generates excess heat which grows proportionally with the electrical current density applied to the electrodes. In these July 2017 experiments, an in-house kiln was built (shown below using 9x4.4.x2.4 inch firebricks (purchased from BNZ, along with 24x9x4 inch firebricks for in-lab construction of the larger Genesis DeviceTM) and the heating elements and control circuits from a commercial Pagargon Caldera kiln, and a custom thermal radiative shield was cut to be added as an intermediate kiln case from 0.034” thick mirror finish 304 stainless steel (purchased from onlinemetals.com) as seen in the photo to the right. One inch thick, of highly insulating rigid ceramic insulation was included barrier on all sides as a high temperature resistant, very low hear flow rate (K=0.28 at 800°C, purchased as Mcmaster.com product no. 6841K5 Extra-High Temperature Ceramic Insulation) thermal protective barrier, and is visible as the outer white edge, on the in construction kiln cover in addition to the grey furnace mortar, in the 2nd upper photo from the left below. Prior to the addition of the C2CNT CO2 to carbon nanotube electrolysis chamber, a 4th layer of thermal insulation (in addition to the firebrick, radiative barrier and ceramic insulation (was added as mineral insulation, yellow-green as seen in the photos below, and purchased as Mcmaster.com product no. 9328K43 2” thick Very-High Temperature to 65-C Mineral Wool Insulation Sheets)) to the kiln, and finally an outer coating of pink R-30 Home depot insulation was added as a final insulator and barrier to heat loss as seen in the photos below (prior to reinsertion of the electrolysis chamber(s) (both one or two electrolysis chambers were simultaneously included and tested in the insulated kiln). Then a final added R-30 exterior insulation is shown in the photos below (purchased from Home depot as conventional house insulation) prior to subsequent addition as the final outer layer of the kiln. Clearly the insulation can be further improved with thicker or better insulating materials, but the performance data below shows that the insulation in served its purpose fully. The figure below shows the kiln’s ability to retain temperature as measured by thermocouple, subsequent to an initial heating to 800°C and then turning off the kiln, and it is seen that successive added thermal insulation barriers provided a high level of temperature stability. 5PDF Image | Xprize
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