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Membranes 2020, 10, 347 7 of 15 necessary shape and size to fully cover the frame and outer casing parts, were chosen for experiments reported in this paper as well characterized, commercially available, and reliable membranes. In other experiments we performed, ion-exchange membranes developed at TUL were also successfully utilized, delivering similar performance [24]. Outer casing parts house the 100 × 50 × 5 mm platinum-coated electrodes leaving enough space for the circulation of catholyte and anolyte, which were fed and collected into the chambers through holes drilled at the top and bottom of the chamber. The electrode chambers were filled with plastic mesh to keep the membranes adjacent to the porous medium and to avoid detaching. The electrodes were supported using soft teflon (PTFE) gasketing and led out through the casing to be connected to the ZHAOXIN KXN-2005D (purchased from Tipa, spol. s.r.o., Opava, Czech Republic) stabilized DC source using 0.25 mm dia titanium wires. The unit was operated galvanostatically to sustain a stable overlimiting current. The applied current was calculated using an equation derived from a formula for dimensionless current [Equation (1)] to set a series of variable dimensionless currents as the parameter to estimate the performance of the device and compare it to the results published by Bazant’s group at MIT. The solutions were prepared by dissolving 1.42 ± 0.01 g Na2SO4 or 0.59 ± 0.01 g NaCl per every liter of deionized water to obtain 10 mM electrolyte. The solution was pumped into the unit using Kourˇil Co. PCD 61.4 peristaltic pumps (Kyjov, Czech Republic) for inlet into the porous medium and Watson Marlow 205S (purchased from AxFlow s.r.o., Prague, Czech Republic) ones for transporting electrode solutions through polyurethane tubing connected to the unit via push-in fittings as three separate streams. The flow rates were set to 2.4 or 4.8 mL/min for feed and 7.4, 9.6, or 17.2 mL/min for anolyte and catholyte separately. To ensure the electrode chambers were filled with electrolyte completely, catholyte and anolyte were fed into the unit through the bottom and discharged through the top of the electrode chambers. The feed was pumped into the unit from the top, and products were collected at the bottom. The experimental apparatus is shown in Figure 5. Figure 5. Testing setup. In this experiment, products were withdrawn using injection pumps, which is a method not employed to obtain the presented data. Otherwise, the setup is identical to the used one. The picture serves an illustrative purpose only. Samples were collected as they were spontaneously discharged from the unit into beakers. The unit was stored in demineralized water between experiments. Therefore, at the beginning of each experiment, the electrolyte was passed through the unit for approximately 20 min to ensure the porous medium, and the electrode chambers were filled with electrolyte before connecting the unit to the DC source. Once connected, the voltage was allowed to stabilize, if possible (in some experiments, the voltage did not stabilize, as discussed in Results and Discussion). Products, as well as electrodePDF Image | Desalination Performance Assessment Anion-Exchange Membranes
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