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Membranes 2020, 10, 347 12 of 15 Figure 8. Desalination as a function of energy density and current density for Siltep 11 in (a,b), foamed fireclay in (c,d), and NaCl and Na2SO4 as electrolytes. The data show inconsistencies, for instance, the high energy density and low desalination for one case in (a), which was caused by the high voltage that was necessary to sustain the applied current. This may have been caused by temporary scaling inside the porous material or on membranes. The energy required for pumping is not included. The key factor of a porous material is its surface charge, which needs to be paired with the right choice of ion-exchange membrane type (anion- and cation-exchange, respectively). It should be noted that neither of the materials selected for this study was probably ideal in terms of chemical composition. Because of the heterogeneity of the materials, it is difficult to estimate the isoelectric point without proper characterization of zeta potentials, and therefore to estimate the surface charge at the microchannels. Unfortunately, such characterization of a bulk porous material requires special cells for electrokinetic analysis or alternative methods that were unavailable to us at the time of research presented in this paper. Nevertheless, the fact that the materials were most probably able to promote anion concentration shocks in the present pH conditions suggests that a wide variety of similar materials could be used. To study the influences of the pH on the electrolyte-porous media interactions, also buffer solutions could be potentially utilized to suppress the pH changes. From what we know so far, a proper choice of material from the chemical perspective may increase the effectiveness of the process and thus lower its energy demand.PDF Image | Desalination Performance Assessment Anion-Exchange Membranes
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