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Membranes 2020, 10, 347 14 of 15 AuthorContributions:Conceptualization,J.Cˇ.andP.C.;Fundingacquisition,D.T.andJ.M.;Investigation,J.Cˇ. and P.C.; Methodology, P.C.; Project administration, J.M.; Resources, D.T. and J.M.; Supervision, D.T. and J.M.; Validation,D.T.;Writing—originaldraft,J.Cˇ.Allauthorshavereadandagreedtothepublishedversionof the manuscript. Funding: The results of this project TP01010031 were obtained through the financial support of the Technology Agency of the Czech Republic in the framework of the targeted support of the “PROSYKO-Pro-Active System of Commercialization at TU Liberec 2”. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. FAO. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, ‘Water Scarcity’. 2020. Available online: http://www.fao.org/land-water/water/water-scarcity/en/ (accessed on 14 April 2020). 2. Jones, E.; Qadir, M.; van Vliet, M.T.H.; Smakhtin, V.; Kang, S. The state of desalination and brine production: A global outlook. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 657, 1343–1356. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 3. Baker, R.W. Membrane Technology and Applications, 3rd ed.; Chichester, West Sussex; John and Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2012. 4. Alkhadra, M.A.; Conforti, K.M.; Gao, T.; Tian, H.; Bazant, M.Z. Continuous Separation of Radionuclides from Contaminated Water by Shock Electrodialysis. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2019, 54, 527–536. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 5. van der Bruggen, B. Chapter 7—Ion-exchange membrane systems—Electrodialysis and other electromembrane processes. In Fundamental Modelling of Membrane Systems; Luis, P., Ed.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2018; pp. 251–300. 6. Bernardes, A.; Rodrigues, M.A.S.; Ferreira, J.Z. (Eds.) Electrodialysis and Water Reuse: Novel Approaches; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2014. 7. Singh, R. Chapter 6—Desalination and On-site Energy for Groundwater Treatment in Developing Countries Using Fuel Cells. In Emerging Membrane Technology for Sustainable Water Treatment; Hankins, N.P., Singh, R., Eds.; Elsevier: Boston, MA, USA, 2016; pp. 135–162. 8. Mondor, M.; Ippersiel, D.; Lamarche, F. Electrodialysis in food processing. In Green Technologies in Food Production and Processing; Boye, J.I., Arcand, Y., Eds.; Springer: Boston, MA, USA, 2012; pp. 295–326. 9. Strathmann, H. Electrodialysis, a mature technology with a multitude of new applications. Desalination 2010, 264, 268–288. [CrossRef] 10. Mani, A.; Zangle, T.A.; Santiago, J.G. On the Propagation of Concentration Polarization from Microchannel−Nanochannel Interfaces Part I: Analytical Model and Characteristic Analysis. Langmuir 2009, 25, 3898–3908. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 11. Zangle, T.A.; Mani, A.; Santiago, J.G. On the Propagation of Concentration Polarization from Microchannel−Nanochannel Interfaces Part II: Numerical and Experimental Study. Langmuir 2009, 25, 3909–3916. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 12. Mani, A.; Bazant, M.Z. Deionization shocks in microstructures. Phys. Rev. E Stat. Nonlin. Soft Matter Phys. 2011, 84, 061504. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 13. Dydek, E.V.; Zaltzman, B.; Rubinstein, I.; Deng, D.S.; Mani, A.; Bazant, M.Z. Overlimiting Current in a Microchannel. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2011, 107, 118301. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 14. Bazant, M.Z.; Dydek, E.V.; Deng, D.; Mani, A. Desalination and Purification System. U.S. Patent 8999132B2, 7 April 2015. 15. Bazant, M.Z.; Dydek, E.V.; Deng, D.; Mani, A. Method and Apparatus for Desalination and Purification. U.S. Patent 8801910B2, 12 August 2014. 16. Deng, D.; Aouad, W.; Braff, W.A.; Schlumpberger, S.; Suss, M.E.; Bazant, M.Z. Water purification by shock electrodialysis: Deionization, filtration, separation, and disinfection. Desalination 2015, 357, 77–83. [CrossRef] 17. Deng, D.; Dydek, E.V.; Han, J.-H.; Schlumpberger, S.; Mani, A.; Zaltzman, B.; Bazant, M.Z. Overlimiting Current and Shock Electrodialysis in Porous Media. Langmuir 2013, 29, 16167–16177. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 18. Alkhadra, M.A.; Gao, T.; Conforti, K.M.; Tian, H.; Bazant, M.Z. Small-scale desalination of seawater by shock electrodialysis. Desalination 2020, 476, 114219. [CrossRef] 19. Conforti, K.M.; Bazant, M.Z. Continuous ion-selective separations by shock electrodialysis. Aiche J. 2020, 66, e16751. [CrossRef]PDF Image | Desalination Performance Assessment Anion-Exchange Membranes
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