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1. INTRODUCTION Membrane separation processes have been used for years, but they have not come to play an important role in producing potable water supplies until the past 10 years. RO (reverse osmosis) and ED (electrodialysis) are replacing phase change desalting technologies for supplying water to coastal and island communities all over the world. Nanofiltration is becoming an economical alternative to the traditional water softening processes. As membrane separations become more widely understood, more applications will be found for them. This document will shed some light on these processes: how membranes are made; what makes them different; what membranes are available today and how they can be compared; how they are cleaned and stored; what pretreatment is required; and what is done with the waste. Traditionally, membrane applications in municipal water treatment have been limited to microfiltration and desalination. The newer membrane types are being developed primarily for high return processes such as chemical separations, enzyme concentration, and beverage purification. These processes are also useful in municipal water treatment, but the membrane systems are still new compared to traditional water treatment processes. The usual reluctance to try anything new and unfamiliar has been encountered. The cost to retrofit water treatment plants may be prohibitive in some cases. However, as the Environmental Protection Agency adds to its list of regulated water contaminants, many communities will find that they need a treatment process that will remove a variety of contaminants. And, as in the computer industry, the economics of membrane separations may improve as the market expands. Table 1.1 summarizes the operational differences between the four major membrane separation processes: microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis. Table 1.2 compares substances removed in each process and their traditional counterparts in municipal water treatment systems. Table 1.1. - Comparison of membrane separations for municipal water treatment. Separation process Microfiltration Ultrafiltration Nanoiiltration Productivity (L/cm3*day) 90 - 100% recovery l-5 l-6 Rating, pore size, or molecular weight cutnff 0.05 - 2.0 pm 0.001 - 0.1 m 10 - 1000 .l MWCO*(Daltons): 1000 - 500,000 8-80A MWCO (Daltons): Operating pressure range Wp4 140 - 5000 200 - 1000 550 - 1380 1380 - 6890 * MWCO: Molecular Weight Cut Off is the molecular weight of species rejected by the membrane. Reverse Osmosis 180 - 10,000 l-15A 0.1 - 2.3PDF Image | DESALTING AND WATER TREATMENT MEMBRANE
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