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These finger formations, or rather the spaces between them, allow the membrane to have high water flux rates. The tight, thin, dense surface layer gives the membrane high salt rejection rates. Table 2.1 outlines the major factors affecting membrane structure development and their effects. For further information on membrane production see M.C. Porter’s Handbook of Industrial Membrane Technology (1990). Table 2.1. - Cause and effect of membrane production. Factors affecting membrane of Polymer Effect precipitation + Solubility structure in Solvent Additives of Polymer Lower Faster Sdubility + Presence in the Solvent concentration High Viscosity + Slows reaction of polymer with precipitant + Finer pore structure Higher concentration --f Fine, spongelike pore structure Low concentration + Open cell structure, of Viscous Development of finger structures Polymer Precipitant Method Used of Precipitant Finger Affects Lowers Faster Tends structure operating development parameters of polymer --f Introduction Slow introduction + Fine, spongelike pore structure Fast emersion --f Skin formation membranes and their preparation” in Handbook <,f From Industrial Membrane Techno&gy, M.C. Porter, ed. 1990. Strathmann, “Synthetic Z.!Z.Z Ceramic and Metallic Membranes. - Ceramic and metallic membranes are used mostly for microfiltration and ultrafiltration. They tend to be highly inert, withstanding high temperatures and pH from 0 to 14. Three production processes are outlined here and to a greater extent in R.W. Baker’s chapter on “Membrane and Module Preparation” in Membrane Separation Systems. Leaching is used to produce microfilters with pore sizes from less than 10 pm to 100 pm. A leachable component is mixed with the membrane material (e.g., glass), then dissolved out with acid after the membrane is formed. Pore size is determined by the type and concentration of the leachate. However, high variability results from diffkulty in controlling leachate distribution. solubility precipitation + toward finger structures H.PDF Image | DESALTING AND WATER TREATMENT MEMBRANE
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