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The Sol-Gel process is used with alumina, silica, and titanic membranes. This process involves polymerization of a hydrolyzed metal alkoxide dissolved in a water-alcohol solution. The resultant gel is dried and heat treated to form a membrane with average pore diameters of 50 A or less. Carbon membranes are made by heating polymeric hollow fibers to 500-800 “C in an inert atmosphere or vacuum. In this environment, the polymer is reduced to carbon with pore diameters between 2 to 5 A. 2.3 Physical Characteristics Microfilters have pore sizes between about 0.05 to 2 urn. The methods for creating pores of this range in a membrane are stretching, irradiation and etching, thermal phase inversion, melt pressing, and template leaching. Irradiation and etching produce a clean-edged, distinct pore known as a “capillary” type pore structure. A “tortuous,” spongelike, porous structure can be formed through thermal phase inversion or with thermally bonded microfibers. Pores formed by stretching exhibit traits of both capillary and tortuous pore membranes. Figure 2.1 illustrates the differences between these three types. Table 2.2 lists the functional differences between capillary and tortuous pore membranes. Stretched membranes are similar to capillary pore membranes in that they have distinct and regularly sized pores; they are also much thinner than tortuous pore membranes. They differ in that stretched membranes have regularly spaced pores and irradiated membranes have random pores. With increasing pore size or porosity, capillary pore membranes exhibit increasing occurrences of double and triple pores. This characteristic is shown on figure 2.1. Asymmetric microfiltration membranes are a cross between microfilters and ultrafilters. The inside of the membrane has an open, tortuous pore structure that gradually closes in to form a tight pore structure on the outside. These membranes are not reversible. If used with the open side upstream, the membrane will become clogged and, because the line surface layer has no support in that direction, feed water may break through into the product stream. Table 2.2.. Comparison of tortuous and capillary pore membranes assuming equivalent pore sizes. Tortuous pore Regular, spongelike membranes pore structure Capillary pore spaced, distinct membranes pores pm Membrane thickness - Porosity - 757~ 10 pm thickness -150 Randomly Membrane Porosity - 5% Capillary same flow rate as same pore size tortuous pore membrane for pore membranes require lower applied pressure Bubble point testable Not bubble point testable Retain particles smaller than pore size Do not retain particles smaller than pore sizePDF Image | DESALTING AND WATER TREATMENT MEMBRANE
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