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2.4 Pore Size Determination Pore size determines what particles will be filtered out of feed water. Capillary pores can be measured with a scanning electron microscope, but the size of tortuous pores is not so apparent. The test used to determine the maximum pore size is called the bubble point test. The bubble point of a membrane is the pressure required to overcome capillary forces holding a wetting liquid within the pores and let a bubble of air escape. The bubble point is inversely proportional to the maximum pore size, which is why capillary pore membranes cannot be bubble point tested accurately. The bubble point would correspond to a double or triple pore even if only one pore was present. Another method for determining pore size is a challenge test. The membrane is challenged with a solution of a particular organism. The beta ratio is then calculated from the number of organisms in the feed water divided by the number passing through. As an example, AG Technology Corp. tests their 0.2pm microfilter using Pseudomonas dimunitia and E. coli at challenge levels of 2.5 x lo7 and 6.0 x log, respectively. At these levels, the organisms were undetectable in the permeate, resulting in an LRV (Log Reduction Value) of 7 and 9 for those organisms (AGT Technical Bulletin, 1992). The LRV is the log of the beta ratio assuming an insignificant positive number of organisms did pass through the membrane. The LRV is only an indication of the variation in pore size, and should not be confused with other parameters using micro-organisms. A titer reduction level is similar to the LRV except that the total number of organisms given is per cartridge rather than per milliliter of feed water. For example, Ionpure gives a LRV of >8 withPseudomonas diminuta for their 0.2-pm PV filter cartridge and a titer reduction of ~10~’ of the same micro-organism per cartridge. When comparing either of these parameters, be sure the terms and organisms are the same. Although the LRV method is a good indication of effectiveness against organisms in the real world, it is not an accurate measure of the pore size of the membrane. Any organism will vary in size within a given population. Consumers have no way to tell if the filters have been tested with “fat” microbes or not. This problem is of concern to manufacturers as well; they would not want their filters to be tested with “thin” microbes. To minimize the size diversity problem, some manufacturers use monodisperse latex spheres of known diameter to pinpoint the pore size of their products. 2.5 Configurations Microfilters come in four different configurations: plate and frame; pleated cartridge modules; spiral wound modules; and bundled tubular membranes. Figure 2.2 illustrates the differences between them. Plate and frame modules use membrane disks. Feed water flowsPDF Image | DESALTING AND WATER TREATMENT MEMBRANE
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